{"id":50051469,"date":"2022-03-03T17:33:05","date_gmt":"2022-03-03T17:33:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=51469"},"modified":"2023-04-27T14:25:24","modified_gmt":"2023-04-27T13:25:24","slug":"51469-mexico-gm-ban-planting-corn-imports","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/51469-mexico-gm-ban-planting-corn-imports\/","title":{"rendered":"Mexico prohibits planting of GM corn, but stops short of banning imports"},"content":{"rendered":"

Last October, Mexico refused<\/a> to permit the import of genetically modified (GM) corn for the first time in its history. Pharmaceutical and chemical giant Bayer \u2013 now the owner of GM pioneer Monsanto \u2013 subsequently challenged the decision of the Mexican consumer regulator to reject its request to import the corn for animal feed, and brought a Supreme Court case supported by other agricultural heavyweights, including the Chinese-owned company Syngenta.<\/p>\n

Mexico\u2019s Supreme Court rejected<\/a> Bayer\u2019s appeal, reinforcing a 2013 judgement known as \u201cthe precautionary principle\u201d ruling, which allows authorities to reject requests for permits to plant GM crops on the basis that they may damage the health of the Mexican people and environment.<\/p>\n

\n

Over 20 million tonnes<\/p>\n

\n
\nof corn were imported to Mexico from the US across the 2018\/19 and 2019\/20 seasons, according to the US Department of Agriculture<\/a>
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

For Mexico\u2019s long-standing anti-GM movement, the recent Supreme Court ruling was an important victory \u2013 cementing caution against GM crops as a legal norm at the highest level of the country\u2019s judiciary.<\/p>\n

In December 2020, the Mexican president Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador, popularly known as AMLO, issued<\/a> a decree to enact a ban on genetically modified corn for human consumption by 2024. The order also called for the elimination of the use of glyphosate, a controversial pesticide that is subject to a contentious debate<\/a> over its potentially carcinogenic<\/a> effects. AMLO\u2019s decree made him the first Mexican president to openly support the anti-GM movement.<\/p>\n

News of this presidential decree will have caused consternation in the United States, given that Mexico imports millions of tonnes<\/a> of genetically modified yellow corn from its neighbour each year, for animal feed and industrial use, such as the production of high-fructose corn syrup.<\/p>\n

AMLO also faced resistance within Mexico, with some 17 legal challenges filed by seed companies and industry bodies against the proposed ban \u2013 none of which succeeded. The National Farm Council (CNA), with the support of Bayer, argued<\/a> that the ban could threaten the livestock industry if imports of GM animal feed were prevented.<\/p>\n

Agriculture minister Victor Villalobos publicly clarified<\/a> that these imports would be untouched by the GM ban, following accusations that it would violate the US-Mexico-Canada free trade agreement (USMCA).<\/p>\n

GM imports may still face future ban<\/h2>\n

Critics of AMLO\u2019s proposal say that the wording of the decree remains too ambiguous and leaves the door open for a ban on GM imports. But there is also strong support within the president\u2019s administration for any ban on GM corn that would include such imports. Deputy agriculture minister Victor Su\u00e1rez is an outspoken opponent of GM corn entering Mexico, while the head of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Mar\u00eda Elena \u00c1lvarez-Buylla, was a key advisor to the 2013 action.<\/p>\n

R\u00faben Montalvo Morales, president of the national directorate of the National Industry Chamber for Cornflour and Tortillas, told Di\u00e1logo Chino that any ban that included imports of yellow corn could have adverse effects on industry.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere would be shortages, speculation and an increase in the price of both grain and tortillas,\u201d Montalvo said.<\/p>\n

Mexico\u2019s long-standing rejection of GM corn<\/h2>\n

No one can dispute the importance of corn to Mexico. From the daily staples of corn tortillas and corn chips, to the indigenous belief that all are \u201cchildren of corn\u201d, a crop that began as a wild grass<\/a> first cultivated in the centre of the country at least 9,000 years ago is now entirely intertwined with Mexican identity and culture.<\/p>\n

Today, Mexico is home to over 60 distinct species of corn and thousands of varieties: a colourful, nutritious abundance that is the pride of the nation, and attributed to the development of biodiversity<\/a> over centuries. As a popular saying goes, \u201cSin ma\u00edz, no hay pa\u00eds\u201d \u2013 no corn, no country \u2013 a phrase that has also become the name of the campaign against GM corn\u2019s planting in the country.<\/p>\n

\u201cPlanting GM corn in Mexico, corn\u2019s centre of origin, affects the biodiversity of present and future generations \u2013 it is irreversible,\u201d says Dr Mercedes L\u00f3pez Martinez, who heads the research and advocacy organisation V\u00eda Org\u00e1nica<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The key concern for anti-GM campaigners is cross-pollination \u2014 if GM corn is planted in Mexico, it will naturally cross-pollinate with native corn, altering and weakening their own genetic composition. This, say activists like L\u00f3pez, affects the health of the consumer, erases cultural knowledge and forces peasant farmers to rely on multinational agriculture firms for their seeds and livelihoods.<\/p>\n

Planting GM corn in Mexico, corn\u2019s centre of origin, affects the biodiversity of present and future generations \u2013 it is irreversible<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In 2013, L\u00f3pez explained, Mexico\u2019s then president Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto was set to grant permits to agriculture giants such as Monsanto, who had plans to plant around 2.5 million hectares with GM corn in experimental and pre-commercial pilot programmes.<\/p>\n

Mexican authorities had already faced backlash on the subject within the country, such as in 2001 when GM corn was found growing in the plots of indigenous peasant farmers in the southern state of Oaxaca. A moratorium had been placed on growing GM corn in Mexico in 1998, so the incident was unexpected \u2013 and unwanted.<\/p>\n

In response to Pe\u00f1a Nieto\u2019s 2013 plans, 22 civil organisations and 53 people filed a class action lawsuit against genetically modified corn, recounts L\u00f3pez, who is the official representative of the group bringing the case against Mexico\u2019s environment and agriculture ministries.<\/p>\n

In late 2013, a federal judge in Mexico City ruled<\/a> that a temporary halt to any new GM corn permits should be enforced, in the absence of scientific evidence that planting GM seed in the country would not harm the health of Mexicans \u2013 the precautionary principle.<\/p>\n

The class action is yet to reach a final ruling, but in the meantime this judgement has effectively kept GM corn from being cultivated in the country.<\/p>\n

Are GM crops evil?<\/h2>\n

The Sin Ma\u00edz No Hay Pa\u00eds<\/a> campaign has ignited debate in Mexican society about the pros and cons of genetic engineering of crops. The group\u2019s anti-GM stance has gathered many high-profile supporters, while consumption of native corn has increased in recent years. Meanwhile, those in favour of GM crops being cultivated in Mexico say that the country needs to consider its future needs for food supply and food security, especially with the increasing prevalence of drought and other effects of climate change<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Genetic modification comes from the need to secure food across the world, which is a positive thing, but there\u2019s a problem if they cause native corn to be contaminated<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Alberto Daniel V\u00e1zquez is a biochemical engineer based in Milpa Alta, a rural borough of Mexico City, where he also runs a native seed bank with fellow community members. Speaking from a room full of clear jars containing various yellow, red, white, black and blue corn seeds, Daniel told Dialogo Chino that he \u201csees both sides\u201d of the debate about whether Mexico can ultimately do without GM crops.<\/p>\n

\u201cGenetic modification comes from the fact that we have to cover food needs all over the world, which is a positive thing,\u201d he said. \u201cBut there\u2019s a problem if they cause native corn to be contaminated.\u201d<\/p>\n

In recent years, reports have emerged that support the case for GM crops, with new evidence suggesting that they do not have negative effects for humans and animals. The \u201cGenetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects<\/a>\u201d study from the US National Academy of Sciences acknowledges the limitations on testing \u2013 understanding the health effects of any food, genetically modified or not, is complex \u2013 but concludes that there isn\u2019t yet sufficient evidence to say they are harmful. Furthermore, the report recognises the benefits, such as resistance to climate change and positive health impacts in crops designed to support specific functions.<\/p>\n

GM-related issues of seed monopoly by large agribusinesses and the use of soil-harming pesticides, as well as cross-pollination, will remain contentious in Mexico, but the debate about the impacts of GMs is slowly evolving. As the country and a warming world face looming threats to food insecurity, it won\u2019t be going away any time soon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Government signals support for long-standing anti-GM movement but resists complete ban on genetically modified corn imports, with fears of destabilising the economy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50051500,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[50040317,546,597,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[50002597],"class_list":["post-50051469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-farming","tag-food-security","tag-technology","tag-trade","country-mexico"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMexico prohibits planting of GM corn, but stops short of banning imports | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Government in Mexico signals support for anti-GM movement, but resists complete ban on GM corn imports with fears of destabilising the economy\" \/>\n<meta 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