{"id":50052121,"date":"2022-03-23T16:57:05","date_gmt":"2022-03-23T16:57:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=52121"},"modified":"2023-08-09T12:45:05","modified_gmt":"2023-08-09T11:45:05","slug":"52121-ecuadors-yasuni-national-park-between-oil-exploitation-and-conservation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/52121-ecuadors-yasuni-national-park-between-oil-exploitation-and-conservation\/","title":{"rendered":"Yasun\u00ed National Park: between oil exploitation and conservation"},"content":{"rendered":"

Deep beneath the Yasun\u00ed National Park in the Ecuadorian Amazon lies the country\u2019s largest crude oil reserve. More than 1.67 billion barrels<\/a> of oil are believed to be here, making it the largest potential oil exploitation project in the Latin American nation\u2019s history. But Yasun\u00ed is a protected natural area, whose unique environment covers and protects much of this precious resource. This is the case for Block 43, known as ITT \u2013 standing for the oil fields of Ishpingo, Tambococha and Tiputini \u2013 which extends over almost 2,000 hectares, 100 of which lie inside Yasun\u00ed.<\/p>\n

The Yasun\u00ed National Park was designated<\/a> as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1989, and is a symbol of Ecuador<\/a>. Different studies estimate that there are 150 species of amphibians, around 600 species of birds, and more than 3,000 plant species here, making it one of the most biodiverse areas on the planet. Similarly, there is an uncontacted indigenous population<\/a> living in voluntary isolation in its forests, who also need to be protected.<\/p>\n

For these reasons, since the end of the 1990s, various legal mechanisms have been promoted in order to conserve this part of the Amazon. But Ecuador has long lived with this dilemma: to preserve a unique space in the world, or to exploit its hydrocarbons and cover its million-dollar fiscal deficit? As of the end of January 2022, this was estimated by the Ministry of Finance to amount to US$3.7 billion<\/a> \u2013 and so these questions burn stronger than ever.<\/p>\n

Danger in Yasun\u00ed’s block 43<\/h2>\n

On 6 March 2020, the state-owned company Petroamazonas EP (which later merged with fellow state enterprise Petroecuador) awarded a contract to provide \u201cspecific integrated services\u201d for the drilling and completion of 24 new wells at Block 43, in the Tambococha field, Orellana province.<\/p>\n

The US$148 million contract<\/a> was awarded to the Chinese company Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited. The new wells would increase production by around 7,500 barrels of oil per day, Petroecuador said at the time.<\/p>\n

As part of the work associated with the new wells, on February 27 construction began to connect the section of the Tambococha B platform to the Ishpingo A platform, both located in Block 43.<\/p>\n

In March that year, satellite images<\/a> from the Monitoring the Andean Amazon Project (MAAP), detected<\/a> the construction of a road leading from the Tambococha B platform to the Tambococha C, Ishpingo A and Ishpingo B platforms, which have been approved for exploitation and could put the conservation of the Yasun\u00ed park at risk.<\/p>\n


\n\"Map
\n
<\/div><\/p>\n

Almost two years later, on 25 January 2022, MAAP again warned of the expansion of the road within a few hundred metres of the protected \u201cIntangible Zone\u201d of the Tagaeri and Taromenane indigenous peoples. \u201cBased on updated satellite images, we show the most recent construction within the ITT Block, the Ishpingo B platform. This platform is located only 300 metres from the Intangible Zone buffer zone. We also warn of future construction that could enter the buffer zone and reach the boundary of the Intangible Zone itself,\u201d says a report published<\/a> on the MAAP website.<\/p>\n

Petroecuador responds<\/h2>\n

After two months of requests for information on works within Yasun\u00ed, Petroecuador responded in writing to Di\u00e1logo Chino. The state oil company insists that they comply with environmental guidelines.<\/p>\n

\u201cAll the accesses [paths and facilities] built in Block 43 are part of the authorisations granted by the Ministry of Environment. Their operation is legally authorised. Prior to the start of construction activities on the access [works], a detailed environmental topography is carried out. A multidisciplinary team (biologists, environmentalists, builders, technicians) participated to identify biologically sensitive areas, such as mineral licks, feeding and drinking troughs, nesting areas, ecological corridors and important trees. Once identified, they are conserved,\u201d a translation of the document reads.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, whatever happens, the environmental damage has already been done<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Petroecuador added that their aim is to \u201csafeguard the balance of the natural ecosystem, reducing the effects of ecological fragmentation and prioritising the normal development of arboreal and terrestrial species\u201d. It also pointed out that there is \u201cmonitoring of the physical conditions of bodies of water, air quality, sound levels and atmospheric emissions\u201d.<\/p>\n

Regarding the contract with the Chinese partner, Petroecuador said: \u201cthe tender was carried out through a bidding process with previously established terms and conditions, reviewed and approved by the competent authorities. The company Chuanquing Drilling Engineering Company Limited was awarded the contract once it exceeded the technical requirements set out in the bidding conditions and presented a lower economic offer in relation to the offer presented by the company Sinopec [another Chinese company; state-owned]. This was more beneficial.\u201d<\/p>\n

President Lasso favours extraction in Yasun\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Oil exploration and exploitation is an important issue for the government of Ecuador, which needs to reschedule the nearly US$5 billion<\/a> of debt it has with China. In addition, part of its oil output, which has not yet been extracted, has been sold<\/a> and guaranteed to the Asian country.<\/p>\n

Therefore, in July 2021 and after barely two months in government, Guillermo Lasso issued a new hydrocarbons policy \u2013 Executive Decree 95<\/a> \u2013 to increase oil production.

<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n
\"Aerial
Aerial view of the Tiputini River in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador (Image: Nature Picture Library \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/span>\u201cThere are old oil fields that need to be made more productive and new fields as well. The oil frontier could be expanded. Doubling oil production in four years sounds like a poem. The challenge is to increase production by about 8% per day. That is to say, to increase production by about 40,000 barrels a day,\u201d he said<\/a> in an interview in August.<\/p>\n

In this vein, in the last week of February 2022, the country\u2019s energy minister, Juan Carlos Bermeo, reported that the government had awarded<\/a> the first contract for drilling wells in the Ishpingo oil field, near Yasun\u00ed, to China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC).<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have a lot of hope for the Ishpingo field,\u201d the energy minister said of the CNPC contract.<\/p>\n

The first drilling campaign in the sensitive area will involve 40 wells until at least the end of 2023.<\/p>\n

Ishpingo is the latest section of the ITT oil field in Ecuador\u2019s Amazon region to see drilling permitted, after Tambococha and Tiputini. \u201cIt is expected to produce heavy oil, which will be added to the national production of Napo crude [a type of oil produced in the country],\u201d explained Bermeo with much excitement \u2013 despite the constant complaints about the work carried out at this field.<\/p>\n

Lawsuits against the state<\/h2>\n

The Yasun\u00ed National Park covers almost 10,000 km2 \u2013 an area larger than Santiago de Chile, Buenos Aires city, Mexico City, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogot\u00e1, La Paz, Quito, and Caracas combined \u2013 and the pressures to exploit its subsoil are growing.<\/p>\n

Over several decades, national and foreign environmental organisations have made various demands to prevent the advance of oil exploitation in the Amazon rainforest, especially due to the continuous legal reforms that open the way for crude oil extraction.<\/p>\n

\n

2016<\/p>\n

\n
\nThe year drilling began in Yasun\u00ed after nearly a decade of failed attempts to attract international donations in exchange for keeping its oil in the ground
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Yasun\u00ed became the subject of global interest in 2007 when then president Rafael Correa launched an apparently innovative plan to attract over US$3billion in donations from the international community in exchange for keeping the park\u2019s abundant oil in the ground. However, the scheme collapsed some five years later with both sides claiming the other was insufficiently committed<\/a> to the initiative. Drilling began in 2016<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The most recent call for legal protections for the park came in September 2021. The Alianza de Organizaciones por los Derechos Humanos<\/a> (Alliance of Human Rights Organisations) \u2013 made up of several environmental NGOs \u2013 filed a request<\/a> for precautionary measures against the Ecuadorian state to prevent the construction of roads and the entry of oil platforms into the buffer zone in Block 43 of the Yasun\u00ed ITT.<\/p>\n

The collective Geograf\u00eda Cr\u00edtica<\/a>, which seeks to defend territory, collective rights and nature in Ecuador, filed a legal action to prevent this exploitation. Manuel Bay\u00f3n from the organisation told Di\u00e1logo Chino that they have been \u201cpromoting different precautionary measures\u201d since 2010. It participated in the Alliance\u2019s September 2021 claim due to \u201cthe imminent impact on indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation\u201d, such as the Tagaeri and Taromenane<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, Pedro Bermeo, a member of environmental NGO Acci\u00f3n Ecol\u00f3gica<\/a>, told Di\u00e1logo Chino: \u201cWe have warned about the entry of workers with machinery into the buffer zone. The boundaries were arbitrarily moved to build the road, as well as the implementation of oil installations. Unfortunately, whatever happens, the environmental damage has already been done.\u201d<\/p>\n

Historic ruling against exploitation<\/h2>\n

In Article 71<\/a> of Ecuador\u2019s 2008 constitution the rights of nature, or Pacha Mama, are established \u201cso that its existence and the maintenance and regeneration of its vital cycles, structure, functions and evolutionary processes are fully respected\u201d. However, as has become evident, this has not stopped the actions for oil extraction.<\/p>\n

After years of struggle, on 3 February 2022, the Constitutional Court of Ecuador prohibited<\/a> the execution of oil works in the Yasun\u00ed buffer zone, where there are plans to install oil drilling rigs. In its ruling, the Constitutional Court said that \u201cno legal norm can restrict the content of rights or constitutional guarantees\u201d \u2013 such as those of nature.<\/p>\n

Pedro Bermeo told Di\u00e1logo Chino that \u201calthough the damage has been done, a little justice has been done for the isolated indigenous peoples of Yasun\u00ed\u201d \u2013 although time will tell how long the court\u2019s ruling is respected, or remains insurmountable.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe government of Ecuador sees only resource interests in our territory. We demand respect for our decision to keep our territories free of oil and mining. There is no real development policy for the Amazon,\u201d said Nemonte Nenquimo, a Waorani leader and president of Conconawep, an indigenous organisation.<\/p>\n

Despite the court\u2019s ruling and the various efforts to protect Yasun\u00ed, work in this corner of the Amazon has not stopped. But with it, indigenous populations and numerous organisations, hope the state and related companies will eventually put conservation before exploitation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ecuador\u2019s constitutional court backs efforts to protect the Amazon’s Yasun\u00ed park, but Lasso\u2019s government is not stopping operations<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000004,"featured_media":50052122,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[511,523,547,50029971],"hashtags":[],"country":[50002594],"class_list":["post-50052121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-biodiversity","tag-conservation","tag-fossil-fuels","tag-oil","country-ecuador"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nYasun\u00ed national park: between oil exploitation and conservation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ecuador\u2019s constitutional court backs efforts to protect the Amazon's Yasun\u00ed park, but Lasso\u2019s government is not stopping operations\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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