{"id":50057077,"date":"2022-08-09T16:26:31","date_gmt":"2022-08-09T15:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=57077"},"modified":"2023-07-25T17:41:34","modified_gmt":"2023-07-25T16:41:34","slug":"57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/","title":{"rendered":"Petro takes office in Colombia: can he fulfil his environmental ambitions?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Colombia\u2019s first ever left-wing president, Gustavo Petro, took office this Sunday, 7 August, alongside Francia M\u00e1rquez, the country\u2019s first Afro-Colombian vice-president, after a 19 June election victory that saw them gain 11.2 million votes in a second-round run-off \u2013 the highest popular vote in Colombia\u2019s history.<\/p>\n

Petro and M\u00e1rquez have promised a social transformation that will lead Colombia into an \u201cera of peace\u201d, with care for the environment cutting across all areas of their government. The aim of their administration, according to their published proposals<\/a>, is to turn the country into a \u201cworld power of life\u201d, seeking to \u201ccarry out fundamental transformations to face the emergency caused by climate change and the loss of biodiversity\u201d \u2013 a process that would mean \u201cleaving behind the dependence on the extractivist model and democratising the use of clean energies\u201d.<\/p>\n

Manuel Rodr\u00edguez Becerra, president of the National Environmental Forum and a former environment minister, told Di\u00e1logo Chino that \u201cThe new government is the most environmentalist in history\u201d, pointing to several key figures who are experts in the field, starting with the president himself.<\/p>\n

The new government is the most environmentalist in history<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Rodr\u00edguez describes vice-president M\u00e1rquez, a former Goldman Prize winner, as \u201ca recognised socio-environmental leader\u201d, and highlights that the new environment minister, Susana Muhamad, was in charge of the environment department for Bogot\u00e1 during Gustavo Petro\u2019s time as mayor of the capital (2012\u20132015).<\/p>\n

Elsewhere, Rodr\u00edguez points out that the new agriculture minister, veteran Cecilia L\u00f3pez Monta\u00f1o, previously had a spell as environment minister in the 1990s, and claims that incoming finance minister, Jos\u00e9 Antonio Ocampo, is \u201cone of the few in Latin America who has done in-depth research on sustainable development and the environment.\u201d<\/p>\n

The cabinet may be packed with sympathetic and more progressive heads, but realising progress on environmental issues will not be entirely straightforward for the Petro administration, which is likely to face a sharply divided parliament, impacts from global crises, and pushback from the country\u2019s oil and gas industry.<\/p>\n

Petro\u2019s environmental proposals<\/h2>\n

The new government faces two overriding challenges to achieving its economic transformation: the first is the promotion of a decarbonised economy, with the second a shift away from the country\u2019s reliance on foreign production in favour of more local output.<\/p>\n

Key to confronting this challenge of driving local productivity are issues of water governance and access, as the Petro government programme details, with water management also central to its ambition to make Colombia a \u201cleader in the fight against climate change\u201d. Petro has proposed a system of spatial planning around water, in which productive activities compatible with the protection of nature will be promoted; exactly what sort of activities these are is not made clear.

<\/p>\n

\"Petro's<\/p>\n

<\/div>There are also promises to protect water sources, including in the country\u2019s river basins, p\u00e1ramo<\/em> moorlands and aquifers, with increased control for environmental authorities. The president has also pledged to ensure universal access to the minimum vital water supply as a fundamental right and common good \u2013 a promise that Petro managed to fulfil<\/a> during his time as mayor of Bogot\u00e1, though not without criticism<\/a>.<\/p>\n

According to Manuel Rodr\u00edguez, the main environmental challenge facing Colombia is deforestation. The latest WWF report<\/a>, Colombia has two of the world\u2019s 24 \u201cfronts\u201d most affected by deforestation, including in its Amazon region, which in 2020 lost more than 109,000 hectares of forest<\/a>, according to the Bogot\u00e1-based Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM).<\/p>\n

To confront forest loss, the Petro government programme states that it will promote the development of agroforestry and silvopastoral systems<\/a>, and the production and use of non-timber forest products, as well encouraging nature tourism under the leadership of community organisations. Illegal appropriation of land, activities related to drug trafficking and mining, it boldly claims, will be stopped, with particular focus on agricultural border areas.<\/p>\n

\n

Five decades of conflict<\/p>\n

\n
\nColombia has experienced more than 50 years of complex violent conflict involving the state, right-wing paramilitary groups, criminal gangs and revolutionary guerrillas, such as the demobilised FARC \u2013 whose splinter groups still operate \u2013 and the National Liberation Army, the last recognised guerrilla group.
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Another notable issue with a bearing on the government\u2019s sustainability agenda is the upholding and implementation of the country\u2019s landmark peace agreement, signed with the FARC in 2016. This includes a comprehensive rural and agrarian reform that resolves inequality in land tenure \u2013 one of the main drivers of the long-running conflict. According to a study by Oxfam<\/a>, based on the 2014 National Agricultural Census, the top 1% of large farms in Colombia own 81% of the land.<\/p>\n

Petro and M\u00e1rquez propose to move towards \u201cclosing the inequality gap\u201d in land and water tenure, using agrarian and water reform to transform the countryside \u201cin terms of production and social and environmental justice\u201d. As part of this commitment, women will reportedly be given priority in land titling \u2013 reflective of the strong gender focus and prominence given to women in the Petro programme, with the proposal document\u2019s very first chapter entitled \u201cChange is with women\u201d.<\/p>\n

An allied and renewed congress<\/h2>\n

Things look to have got off to a good start. To stand a chance of carrying out this ambitious package of reforms, the government has already taken on the task of coalition building to achieve a majority of seats in the Colombian congress, an otherwise divided chamber. In addition to the Pacto Hist\u00f3rico \u2013 the coalition of parties that supported Petro\u2019s candidacy, which has also built a majority in the senate \u2013 the president has received the support of other parties that had previously opposed his ideas, such as the Liberal, Conservative, Union Party for the People and Green Alliance, among others. For his supporters, this alliance shows the government\u2019s conciliatory attitude \u2013 but for the opposition it is a sign that Petro is willing to \u201csell his soul to the devil<\/a>\u201d in order to implement his programme, phrasing used by various<\/a> critics<\/a> in recent month.<\/p>\n

The new congress, which took its seats on 20 July, has also seen a renewal<\/a> for Colombian politics, as 181 of the 296 legislators are entering the house for the first time, with many of them coming from social and feminist movements, indigenous groups, Afro-descendant backgrounds, as well as recognised environmental and animal rights leaders.<\/p>\n

\"view<\/a>
Read more: Historic Escaz\u00fa Agreement enters into force<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The pro-government bench of senate has already made its influence felt barely a week after taking office, with the approval<\/a> of the Escaz\u00fa Agreement<\/a> in its second debate, with 74 votes in favour and 22 against. For the Escaz\u00fa Agreement \u2013 the landmark treaty seeking to protect environmental defence \u2013 to enter into force in Colombia, it needs to be approved in two more debates in the congress and then ratified by the president.<\/p>\n

This approval would be crucial, considering that Colombia is the most dangerous country in the world for environmental defenders, according to the latest report by Global Witness<\/a>, with 65 people reportedly killed in the country in 2020 for their environmental advocacy work. Meanwhile, the Bogot\u00e1-based Institute for Development and Peace Studies (INDEPAZ) has a list<\/a> of more than 600 environmental leaders killed since the signing of the peace agreement in 2016. In its programme document, the Petro administration pledges to investigate the causes and perpetrators of environmental conflicts.<\/p>\n

Unpopular energy proposals<\/h2>\n

Decarbonisation, including transforming Colombia\u2019s energy mix, is the other major environmental objective of the new government, which has made bold proposals to move beyond a fossil-fuel economy dependent on profits from oil, coal and gas production. President Petro has said that the winding down of the extractivist model will be gradual, though this suggestion has still raised much concern, given that Colombia\u2019s primary export is oil: in 2021 the state oil company Ecopetrol earned<\/a> US$3.7 billion in profits, the highest figure in its history \u2013 and gas production is on the rise<\/a>. Specifically, the government\u2019s plan states that no new licences for hydrocarbon exploration will be granted, but that existing agreements will be respected.<\/p>\n

Not even environmentalists such as Camilo Quintero, former undersecretary for the environment in the Medell\u00edn mayor\u2019s office, see the wisdom of curbing production. \u201cThe energy transition must be fair and orderly so that by solving the environmental problem we are not creating other problems. There are public finances that need to be taken care of and that have partly financed social programmes,\u201d he concludes.<\/p>\n

Colombia cannot afford to lose its oil profits, and a section of the government coalition and the centrist parties that supported it agree<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Manuel Rodr\u00edguez agrees: \u201cDecarbonising the economy \u2013 that is, producing fewer greenhouse gases \u2013 is different to suspending the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. If Colombia stops exporting, then another country will take over that market.\u201d<\/p>\n

President Petro also stated in his campaign that there will be no fracking during his administration, a decision backed by new environment minister Susana Muhamad. \u201cWe want to ban fracking in the Congress of the Republic and stop the licenses of pilot projects, which will be one of the first actions we will take as a government,\u201d she told<\/a> local news following her appointment in July.<\/p>\n

This fracking announcement has generated concern in the hydrocarbons sector, as Ecopetrol currently has two pilot fracking projects<\/a> in the preparation stage and two contracts in force with the National Hydrocarbons Agency to evaluate the impacts of this method of exploitation.<\/p>\n

\"ivan<\/a>
Read more: Colombia backs gas as a transition fuel \u2013 with only seven years of reserves<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Some government representatives have made pains to nuance this proposal, such as the new finance minister Jos\u00e9 Antonio Ocampo, who said<\/a> last month that Colombia should \u201cexplore more and look for more gas\u201d \u2013 and that it should continue producing oil to be self-sufficient, and continue exporting or else \u201cthe balance of payments problem becomes unmanageable\u201d.<\/p>\n

Another obstacle for the new administration is a lack of money, which could prevent proposed goals from being achieved. The outgoing government of Iv\u00e1n Duque left a fiscal deficit<\/a> of more than US$19 billion, the highest in Colombia\u2019s history. Financial and energy problems are being aggravated by the global crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as Russia\u2019s war on Ukraine.<\/p>\n

Given this adverse situation, Mauricio Jaramillo, professor of political science at the Universidad del Rosario in Bogot\u00e1, believes that the energy transition will not be an easy process: \u201cGiven the lack of resources, Colombia cannot afford to lose its oil profits, and a section of the government coalition and the centrist parties that supported it agree on this, but if the energy transition is delayed, their bases may feel let down.\u201d<\/p>\n

Similarly, Jaramillo says, the business sector opposes the transition and the ban on fracking pilots, so we are likely to see constant tension within the government, a tricky balancing act between moving forward with changes to the energy mix at a pace that does not alarm the business sector but also does not disappoint the grassroots that elected it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The veteran leftist has promised deep social and economic reforms on decarbonisation and climate adaptation as president, but faces challenges in testing times <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50057097,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[531,50029993,585],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000025],"class_list":["post-50057077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-deforestation","tag-elections","tag-renewables","country-colombia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPetro takes office in Colombia: can he fulfil his environmental ambitions? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Petro has promised reforms on decarbonisation and climate adaptation as president of Colombia, but faces challenges in testing times\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Petro takes office in Colombia: can he fulfil his environmental ambitions?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The veteran leftist has promised deep social and economic reforms on decarbonisation and climate adaptation as president, but faces challenges in testing times\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-08-09T15:26:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-07-25T16:41:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gustavo-petro-francia-marquez-colombia_alamy_2jmxncj-scaled.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1161\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Patrick Moore\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Petro takes office in Colombia: can he fulfil his environmental ambitions?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"The veteran leftist has promised deep social and economic reforms on decarbonisation and climate adaptation as president, but faces challenges in testing times\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Patrick Moore\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/f24ba2ba7a17516eb6ba76277aedfae5\"},\"headline\":\"Petro takes office in Colombia: can he fulfil his environmental ambitions?\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-09T15:26:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-25T16:41:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/\"},\"wordCount\":1853,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gustavo-petro-francia-marquez-colombia_alamy_2jmxncj-scaled.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Deforestation\",\"Elections\",\"Renewables\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Climate\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/57077-petro-colombia-president-environmental-ambitions\/\",\"name\":\"Petro takes office in Colombia: can he fulfil his environmental ambitions? 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