{"id":50058228,"date":"2022-09-14T20:08:06","date_gmt":"2022-09-14T19:08:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=58228"},"modified":"2023-08-07T17:03:44","modified_gmt":"2023-08-07T16:03:44","slug":"58217-chile-constitution-drought-stricken-communities-reject-ecological","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/58217-chile-constitution-drought-stricken-communities-reject-ecological\/","title":{"rendered":"Even Chile\u2019s drought-hit communities rejected \u2018ecological\u2019 constitution"},"content":{"rendered":"

The valleys of Petorca province in central Chile are currently filled with green shoots. Soon, yellow flowers will grow all around and line the road that links the town of the same name with others beyond. It has rained in recent weeks and spring is on the horizon. \u201cBut it doesn\u2019t last long \u2013 after a month it\u2019s all brown here,\u201d says Sandra, a 50-year-old head of household, who lives at the edge of the town.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen I saw the results of the plebiscite, I felt like I had lost a loved one that we could no longer save,\u201d she explains. She still does not understand why in this commune \u2013 as in the rest of the country \u2013 people chose to reject the proposed new constitution<\/a> on 4 September.<\/p>\n

\n

What are \u2018sacrifice zones\u2019?<\/p>\n

\n
\nAreas in Chile in proximity to environmentally degrading or polluting industries, where mostly poor communities experience chronic socio-economic problems and health issues.\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Petorca is known as one of Chile’s \u201csacrifice zones<\/a>\u201d because of the chronic water emergency faced by its inhabitants. The Petorca River basin that supplies the area is currently suffering its worst drought in 700 years, according to a study<\/a> published in 2020.<\/p>\n

In addition to its rising temperatures and low rainfall, Petorca is another typical example of unequal water access<\/a> in the country: here, extensive plantations of avocado and other fruit trees \u2013 largely destined for export \u2013 exploit the water, while thousands of residents depend on distribution from water trucks to wash their clothes and vegetables, and for sanitation.

<\/p>\n
\"dried
The exposed riverbed of the dried-up Patorca River, Chile. The river\u2019s basin is experiencing its worst drought in 700 years (Image: Elena Basso \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div>The articles of the proposed constitution enshrined water as a \u201cnon-appropriable common good\u201d, guaranteed the human right to water and ensured its reasonable use. This would seem likely to have brought favour for its approval within this community, but 56.1% of its voters said otherwise.<\/p>\n

Sandra knows the area and its dynamics, and like other residents, she names fear as one of the reasons for the election result. \u201cThere are many bosses here, there is fear of losing one\u2019s job, of voting for something that could go against one\u2019s interests,\u201d she says. She refers to the landowners in this province \u2013 a handful of powerful land-owning families<\/a> who have concentrated the water rights granted by successive governments for use in their plantations, and are among those primarily responsible for contributing to the water shortages affecting the area.<\/p>\n

\"gabriel<\/a>
Read more: What challenges face Chile\u2019s new \u2018environmentalist\u2019 government?<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Olga is a street vendor in Petorca. She says she is mainly concerned with getting to work everyday in order to pay her rent, and that she has not taken much interest in the new constitution. She doesn\u2019t like the current president Gabriel Boric<\/a> either, which is why she voted \u201cReject\u201d. But there is one thing she says is clear to her, and that is that in Petorca powerful landowners are \u201cstealing\u201d the water for agricultural operations. \u201cIf you walk up the hill, you will see that there are tunnels in the riverbed, that\u2019s where they take the water,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Sergio voted \u201cApprove\u201d, but says he did not have much time to pay attention to debates on the constitution. He too works all day, at one of the mining companies in the area. He says there was misinformation, and ignorance: \u201cIt was important to inform, and the local mayor\u2019s office didn\u2019t do that. They had to convene the neighbourhood council, talk to the people of the town who live more isolated, to coordinate and bring the community together.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Ignacio
Ignacio Villalobos, the mayor of Petorca, said criticism directed at communities such as his is \u201cunfair\u201d (Image: Elena Basso \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The mayor of Petorca, Ignacio Villalobos, an independent, received criticism after the plebiscite, when messages of contempt for the commune went viral on social networks, driven by what many saw as a contradiction between its vote and its realities. \u201cI feel it is unfair to blame Petorca for this debacle, and I have come out to defend my community,\u201d he says. He admits that \u201cthere are sectors that want to maintain their privileges\u201d.<\/p>\n

Mrs Rosario sells clothes at the fair in the Plaza de Armas in Cabildo, to the south of the town of Petorca. She tells us of her conviction that \u201cthe poor are going to be poorer and the rich richer, no matter how they make the constitution\u201d. She expected this result in the plebiscite, as everyone around her voted Reject. \u201cIt\u2019s not because it was well or badly written. People voted \u2018no\u2019 because of the state of the country,\u201d she says, adding: \u201cI regret having voted for this president.\u201d

<\/p>\n
\"Graffiti
As the constitution plebiscite neared, slogans sprayed on walls in La Ligua, Petorca province, showed the divides between the Approve (apruebo<\/em>) and Reject (rechazo<\/em>) sides (Image: Elena Basso \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div>She, like many other residents consulted, names housing \u2013 a proposed fundamental right that the state would have played a more active role in guaranteeing \u2013 supposed limits on inheritance of pensions, and the concept of plurinationality, which she says would have divided Chile, as her reasons for rejecting it. Some of these were not in fact proposals of the new constitution, but were the focus of the Reject campaign<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Reject triumphs in sacrifice zones<\/h2>\n

The commune of Petorca was one of the many \u201csacrifice zones\u201d that led the way in the first plebiscite of 2020, where Chile voted to begin<\/a> the process of changing the 1980 Constitution. It was seen as a way out<\/a> of the political crisis that gripped the country in 2019.<\/p>\n

\"Carolina
Carolina Vilches, from the Movement for the Defence of Access to Water, Land and Environmental Protection (Modatima) was elected to the convention tasked with drafting Chile\u2019s new constitution (Image: Elena Basso \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In order to draft the new document, the Constitutional Convention, an assembly of 155 representatives from across the country, was elected. In Petorca, Carolina Vilches was chosen, while Rodrigo Mundaca, one of the best known activists in the Movement for the Defence of Access to Water, Land and Environmental Protection (Modatima), won the governorship of Valpara\u00edso, the region in which Petorca is located.<\/p>\n

The second plebiscite, a mandatory vote, was held on 4 September to approve or reject the drafted constitutional text. Five million<\/a> more people turned out, compared to the 2020 plebiscite. There are strong suggestions that the vast majority of these new voters \u2013 both in Petorca and in Chile as a whole \u2013 opted for Reject.<\/p>\n

\u201cOne of the problems was that the compulsory vote was only at the final stage, meaning that a large number of people who were disconnected throughout the process were forced to vote for a constitution they did not know or to which they did not feel politically connected. So, out of doubt or misinformation, they preferred to reject,\u201d says Carolina Vilches.

<\/p>\n
\"field
Plantations in Petorca province. Communities accuse large landowners and agricultural operations of \u2018stealing\u2019 water in the arid region (Image: Elena Basso \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div>Vilches is a spokesperson for Modatima, where she has been involved for more than 10 years. Once her work with the Constitutional Convention was over, she spent two months campaigning throughout the region, but it wasn\u2019t enough.<\/p>\n

She welcomes us into her house after dark, and a large yellow moon overlooks the hill. She is still drafting the statements she was asked to make by some newspapers. \u201cThe sad thing is that now that Reject has won, they say that there is no water problem,\u201d Vilches laments. \u201cThis is the idea they are installing, that water ownership is not a problem. But it is.\u201d It is unavoidable in the landscape of Petorca, where the intense green of the avocado crops ends in sharp, straight lines, flanked by earthy hills, merely dotted with bushes.<\/p>\n

Sara Larra\u00edn, director of the NGO Chile Sustentable, agrees. \u201cA contingent [of the electorate] that had not been participating in politics, that traditionally does not participate and is not interested in political participation, took part. It is a section that is much more sensitive to media campaign messages, and which also had little chance of knowing the content,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Many who were disconnected throughout the process were forced to vote on a constitution they did not know or to which they did not feel politically connected<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

According to an analysis by Plataforma Telar<\/a>, disinformation accompanied the constitutional rewrite from the beginning of the process, although the volume of false information, especially on social networks, increased considerably in the final leg of the campaign.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen Petorca rejects the water solution in the constitution, or the communities with the largest indigenous population reject the recovery of land for indigenous peoples, it reveals that there is a lack of information, due to a disinformation campaign,\u201d says Sara Larra\u00edn.<\/p>\n

\"a<\/a>
Read more: The complex energy transition of Chile\u2019s \u2018sacrifice zones\u2019<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The environmental sphere, in Chile and abroad, showed great support for the \u201cecological\u201d constitution, but it was rejected in the territories where it matters most. As in Petorca, in the towns of Quintero, Puchuncav\u00ed, Coronel and Tocopilla \u2013 other areas of concerted socio-environmental conflicts in Chile \u2013 the Reject option prevailed by a large majority.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese are territories that associated environmental issues with the Constitutional Convention. The issue is that the constitutional process addressed many other issues beyond the environment, and this perhaps touched another nerve and other sensibilities that begin to explain the result,\u201d says Felipe Irarr\u00e1zaval, a researcher at the Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES) in Santiago.<\/p>\n

There were other issues that weighed on the campaign, says Irarr\u00e1zaval, such as housing \u2013 and associated fears generated \u2013 and the political system. \u201cThe lesson for the environmental world,\u201d he says, \u201cis that they have to have an agenda for these groups that will eventually vote in a possible new plebiscite. Broad political agendas and greater sensitivity.\u201d<\/p>\n

The next steps<\/h2>\n

With the text of the Constitutional Convention rejected, the 1980 Constitution remains in force \u2013 a legacy of Augusto Pinochet\u2019s dictatorship that enshrines water as a tradable commodity in the market. Gabriel Boric\u2019s government is pushing to begin the process anew, with a new convention and another plebiscite. The decision, however, rests in the hands of the country\u2019s congress.<\/p>\n

Whether or not this new process is realised, in Petorca, the struggle for the right to water will continue, and is likely to remain the primary issue for its inhabitants.<\/p>\n

\"Mural
A message on a wall in Petorca accuses Veronica Vilches, the leader of a local water committee who has denounced large companies for their water usage, of herself \u201cstealing our water\u201d (Image: Elena Basso \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This is the warning of Veronica Vilches, leader of the Rural Drinking Water Committee of San Jos\u00e9 de Cabildo. She is a water defender who has denounced the theft of water by large agricultural companies, in collusion with local and national politicians.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey have threatened me, they have burned my car, the police have come to my house to say that I was stealing water for my community and Amnesty International had to intervene<\/a>, but there is no need to panic,\u201d explains Veronica, who a few months ago received a third death threat. \u201cWe have to continue on this path, so that the province of Petorca will one day have water with the three Cs: calidad<\/em>, cantidad<\/em> y<\/em>\u00a0continuidad<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Despite proposals to enshrine water rights, voters in arid area of Chile said \u2018no\u2019 to new constitution, heavily defeated in a recent vote<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50058256,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,50039903],"tags":[543,50003602,607],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000024],"class_list":["post-50058228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-water","tag-extreme-weather","tag-human-rights","tag-water-scarcity","country-chile"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEven Chile\u2019s drought-hit communities rejected \u2018ecological\u2019 constitution | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Despite proposals to enshrine water rights, voters in arid area of Chile said \u2018no\u2019 to new constitution, heavily defeated in a recent 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