{"id":50059894,"date":"2022-10-26T16:46:36","date_gmt":"2022-10-26T15:46:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.dialogochino.net\/?p=59894"},"modified":"2023-08-29T20:08:43","modified_gmt":"2023-08-29T19:08:43","slug":"59894-china-amazon-investment-countries-not-sell-short","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/59894-china-amazon-investment-countries-not-sell-short\/","title":{"rendered":"Study: Relaxing protections in Amazon has not spurred Chinese investment"},"content":{"rendered":"

For most of the last decade, environmental journalists have warned<\/a> of South American countries unnecessarily rolling back social and environmental protections in the wake of the \u201cChina boom\u201d, the period of heightened commodity investment seen between 2002 and 2011. The suggestion, so it has gone, is that governments would ease protections in the hopes of prolonging the boom and expediting future projects.<\/p>\n

\n

The \u2018China boom\u2019...<\/p>\n

\n
\nwas a period of growth in Chinese commodities investment in South America between 2002 and 2011. The period saw US$25 billion in investments from China arrive in the Amazon basin countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, while, together, their annual commodity exports to China grew by around US$18 billion.
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

A new working paper<\/a> by the Boston University Global Development Policy Center and the BRICS Policy Center at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro gives credibility to these claims. Its findings show that rollbacks did occur, but they did not spur investment or expedite projects. Such \u201cflexibilising\u201d reforms were relatively rare during the boom, but became common in the years after prices peaked in 2011.<\/p>\n

South America\u2019s \u201cChina boom<\/a>\u201d in commodity production and exports was fuelled by increasing investment and demand from China. In particular, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia saw a wave of Chinese investment in the Amazon basin, with expansions in hydrocarbon, mining and agricultural production. These came in the form of both direct Chinese ownership of projects and in infrastructure projects supported by China\u2019s two main policy banks, the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China.<\/p>\n

During these years, regional governments responded by enacting strong social and environmental standards to ensure that the communities surrounding investments benefitted from them, or at least were not harmed. For the years 1998\u20132011, in these four countries of the Amazon basin the BRICS Policy Center observed<\/a> 68 instances of strengthening protections for indigenous peoples and traditional communities, forest and protected areas, and environmental licensing procedures. In contrast, the centre found just 15 reforms relaxing existing protections.<\/p>\n

\"woman<\/a>
Related: Lull in China\u2019s lending to Latin America reflects a rethink in Beijing<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The commodity boom peaked and ended in the early 2010s, as commodity prices quickly reversed course. In its wake, regional governments began to relax (or \u201cflexibilise\u201d) their protections. This rollback appears to have been motivated in part by hopes of prolonging the China boom or expediting projects already in the pipeline; such a drive is notable in the names of reforms such as Peru\u2019s 2014 Law 30230<\/a> (\u201cLaw \u2026 for the Promotion and Dynamism of Investment in the Country\u201d) and Ecuador\u2019s 2021 Executive Decree 151<\/a> (\u201cAction Plan for the Mining Sector\u201d).<\/p>\n

However, the China boom in the Amazon basin did not continue. On average, Chinese investments in the Amazon basin declined, both in size and number. The length of time between projects\u2019 initial announcement and their eventual groundbreaking or purchase date also lengthened, with the exception of two large projects in 2014: China Minmetals\u2019 Las Bambas<\/a> mine and the expansion of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) oil production<\/a>, both in Peru. Four additional projects have never broken ground, thanks in part to civil society concerns that the newly loosened regulations had not managed the environmental and social risks of these projects, including Bolivia\u2019s Rositas<\/a> hydropower dam and Peru\u2019s Amazon waterway<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A similar downward trend occurred with the environmental and social risks and impacts of the Chinese projects that went forward in the Amazon basin. Our research found that as governments strengthened their protections during the commodity boom, median risks declined among Chinese investments in the Amazon basin. However, the kinds of high-risk projects characteristic of the early boom years did not rebound \u2013 apart from a few projects like CNPC\u2019s Peruvian oil production.<\/p>\n

Host countries can be confident that social and environmental standards do not impede Chinese investment, but are a necessary foundation for it<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Why were Chinese investors not moved by the relaxing of standards in Amazon basin countries? Some Chinese investors \u2013 especially state-owned enterprises and policy banks \u2013 may have different motivations and incentives from Western private investors. On top of profit, these investors may often be motivated by domestic Chinese policy goals, including leveraging<\/a> China\u2019s foreign reserves, employing domestic overcapacity<\/a> abroad, and seeking commodities<\/a> that will fuel China\u2019s development strategy. For host countries, making investment less costly by removing regulations won\u2019t overcome declining foreign reserves in China or changes in China\u2019s growth strategy that require fewer commodity imports.<\/p>\n

These drivers mean that Amazon basin countries \u2013 and, more broadly speaking, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) host countries \u2013 can establish the environmental and social standards that their citizens demand without losing out on future \u201cChina booms\u201d.<\/p>\n

In fact, China\u2019s \u201ccountry systems<\/a>\u201d approach to overseeing the environmental performance of its outbound investments relies on the existence of these standards in host countries, and on their willingness to enforce them.<\/p>\n

\"Construction<\/a>
Read more: Can China\u2019s Amazon footprint evolve into a greener partnership?<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Recently, China has made strides to enhance its own oversight of foreign investment, including new guidance encouraging a \u201cwhole lifecycle<\/a>\u201d approach to risk management, from project design through implementation and even new advice<\/a> for Chinese banks to institute complaint mechanisms for times when that risk management fails. While these new steps are encouraging, it will be several years before they result in tangible changes for countries hosting Chinese investment.<\/p>\n

In the meantime, host countries can be confident that social and environmental standards are not an impediment to Chinese investment, rather they are a necessary foundation for it.<\/p>\n

Amazon basin countries \u2013 and BRI host countries around the world \u2013 would be wise to develop and protect social and environmental standards to fit domestic needs and citizens\u2019 demands, without concern that they may scare off Chinese investors.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

New research shows stronger social and environmental protections did not deter Chinese investors in era of commodities \u2018boom\u2019, nor did relaxing them drive more investment<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50059911,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[506,510,544,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021,20000110,50002594],"class_list":["post-50059894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-amazon","tag-china-in-the-world","tag-finance","tag-trade","country-brazil","country-china","country-ecuador"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nStudy: Relaxing protections in Amazon has not spurred Chinese investment | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Strong social and environmental protections in Latin America did not deter Chinese investors in 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