{"id":50361214,"date":"2022-11-30T20:09:25","date_gmt":"2022-11-30T20:09:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=61214"},"modified":"2023-09-13T19:08:09","modified_gmt":"2023-09-13T18:08:09","slug":"361199-five-key-takeaways-for-latin-america-from-global-wildlife-summit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/361199-five-key-takeaways-for-latin-america-from-global-wildlife-summit\/","title":{"rendered":"Five key takeaways for Latin America from global wildlife summit"},"content":{"rendered":"

The majority of the international trade in shark fins will be <\/span>regulated for the first time <\/span><\/a>and a slew of new protections for Latin American turtles, frogs and stingrays that are caught in the wild and sold as pets in Europe, the United States and Asia will be brought into force following a global wildlife summit held in Panama which concluded on Friday.<\/span><\/p>\n

The 19th Conference of the Parties (CoP) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)<\/span>, which took place in Panama City<\/span> from 14\u201325 November<\/span>, saw signatory governments convene in Latin America for the first time in 20 years.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

What is CITES?<\/p>\n

\n
\n It is a <\/span>global agreement<\/span> that aims to ensure that international trade does not drive wild animals and plants to extinction, by regulating or prohibiting trade in species included on its appendices.<\/span>
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\u201cThe fact that this CoP was held in Latin America allowed for more participation from Latin American governments and NGOs, and I think it has allowed for more visibility of Latin American issues,\u201d said German Forero, science director at the Wildlife Conservation Society Colombia, at the meeting in Panama. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cUsually, the focus [at CITES meetings] is charismatic animals from Africa and Asia, but people are now looking at problems beyond those big species. Wildlife trade is common in Latin America and unfortunately trafficking as well, but we\u2019re talking about small species that are easier to smuggle: frogs, turtles, rays, fish. I think that shift in focus is important, as we look at problems in Latin America, which has very high biodiversity,\u201d Forero added.<\/span><\/p>\n

CITES is a <\/span>global agreement<\/span><\/a> first signed in 1975, which now has 183 signatory countries, plus the European Union. CITES aims to ensure that international trade does not drive wild animals and plants to extinction, by regulating or prohibiting trade in species included on its appendices. Appendix I is meant for the most threatened wild animals and plants, and international trade in these species is generally prohibited. Appendix II is intended for species which might become threatened by trade if it is not regulated. Commercial trade in these species is allowed if the exporting country issues a permit which confirms it was harvested both legally and sustainably.<\/span><\/p>\n

As overexploitation and trade has been identified as the <\/span>second biggest driver<\/span><\/a> of the global biodiversity crisis, CITES has the potential to play a crucial role in minimising harm to the planet. Here we take a look at five key decisions made at CoP19 that could have a major impact on wild animal and plant species in Latin America.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Most shark fin trade to be regulated<\/h2>\n

Among the most notable outcomes from CITES CoP19 were the decisions to <\/span>add three families of sharks and rays to Appendix II, meaning international trade in these species will be regulated for the first time.<\/span><\/p>\n

Panama, alongside Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador and 36 other countries, led a <\/span>proposal<\/span><\/a> to include all 56 species of requiem sharks (of the family Carcharhinidae) on Appendix II. The proposal highlighted that 68% of species in the family \u2013 which includes such well-known species as the blue shark and reef sharks \u2013 are threatened with extinction, and that requiem sharks represent up to 86% of the global shark fin trade. The proposal focused on 19 particularly threatened species, and argued that as shark fins and meat are very difficult to identify, trade in the whole family needs to be regulated for these species to be effectively protected.

<\/span><\/p>\n
\"Grey
The grey reef shark, of the requiem shark family, is an endangered species which is often found in the shark fin trade. The world\u2019s governments voted to regulate international trade in the family at the world wildlife trade summit \u2013 CITES CoP19 \u2013 in Panama (Image: Hubert Yann \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

Despite a proposal from Japan, supported by several other countries, to restrict the listing to only the most threatened species in the family, and a suggestion from Peru to exclude the blue shark, the parties gathered in Panama <\/span>voted<\/span><\/a> to regulate trade in all requiem sharks. <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>Also adopted were proposals to include the <\/span>hammerhead shark family<\/span><\/a> (Sphyrnidae) \u2013 which are also traded for their fins \u2013 and <\/span>guitarfishes<\/span><\/a> to Appendix II. The majority of species in both of these families are considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe are extremely happy because the world has woken up to conservation of sharks, the top predators that maintain equilibrium of the ecosystems which our coastal communities need,\u201d said Shirley Binder, a senior adviser to Panama\u2019s Ministry of Environment and chair of the CoP19 plenary, who introduced the requiem shark proposal at the meeting.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stan Shea, marine programme director at the Bloom Association Hong Kong, an NGO which works to protect the oceans told Di\u00e1logo Chino: \u201cThis CoP has helped marine conservation move a step forward, not only with listings but with new implementation tools. Now, with more species being listed on CITES, we can get species-specific data on how much is being traded, so researchers can understand more about the trade. The next step is thinking how we will implement and enforce [the listings] properly, making sure the trade is legal and sustainable.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n

Protection for transparent frogs<\/h2>\n

At CITES CoP19, the world\u2019s governments adopted a <\/span>proposal<\/span><\/a> submitted by Costa Rica, alongside 13 other countries, to add the whole family of glass frogs, Centrolenidae, to Appendix II, meaning permits will be required before they can be traded internationally. So-called because of their transparent bellies, the glass frog family comprises at least 158 species native to South and Central America, many of which appear in pet markets in Europe, East Asia and the United States. Of the species in the family whose conservation status has been evaluated, almost 60% were judged to be endangered, the proposal notes. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe have seen a huge increase in the trade of glass frogs,\u201d said Alejandra Goyenechea, senior international counsel at the US-based NGO Defenders of Wildlife, speaking with Di\u00e1logo Chino in Panama. \u201cThey\u2019re being traded illegally because the country of origin didn\u2019t give permits for the exports of these frogs, which were being taken from the wild \u2013 but they\u2019re openly available in trade fairs and online.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

This CoP has helped marine conservation move a step forward, not only with listings but with new implementation tools<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The proposal to add the family to Appendix II was adopted by consensus, despite initial opposition from the EU and Canada, who questioned whether a CITES listing for the whole family was merited. Previously, in 2019, a proposal to include four genera of glass frogs had been rejected by a narrow margin at CITES CoP18. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe countries did not back down \u2013 they came back stronger with more co-proponents, with more energy, presenting the full family.\u201d said Goyenechea. \u201cThis is historical, to have a full family of amphibians listed in Appendix II.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Whereas whole families of other animals \u2013 like bears and falcons \u2013 had been added to CITES appendices, to date the only amphibian listings referred to species or genera.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

More timber trade to be regulated<\/h2>\n

Two proposals, both led by Colombia, Panama and the EU, to add Latin American tree species to CITES Appendix II were adopted at CoP19, meaning international trade in their timber will be regulated. The entire genus <\/span>Dipteryx <\/span><\/i>was added to Appendix II, after the proponents <\/span>argued<\/span><\/a> that the high value of their timber and a growing international trade are threatening four species in the genus, and that trade in other species needs to be regulated, as they are difficult to distinguish. Bolivia, Brazil and Guyana <\/span>opposed<\/span><\/a> the listing, but it was adopted after a vote.<\/span><\/p>\n

Three genera of trumpet tree, known as <\/span>ip\u00ea<\/span><\/i> in Brazil, were also added to Appendix II. The <\/span>proponents<\/span><\/a> argued that given a slow growth rate and high international demand, trade in the species\u2019 timber needs to be regulated to ensure their survival. Bolivia, Brazil and Peru opposed this, saying that many species of ip\u00ea are not threatened, but the proposal was ultimately adopted by vote.

<\/span><\/p>\n
\"Pink
A pink ip\u00ea tree blooming in the Pantanal, Brazil. Ip\u00ea trees of the genera Tabebuia, Handroanthus and Roseodendron were added to CITES Appendix II at CoP19 in Panama, meaning international trade in their timber will be regulated (Image: blickwinkel \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

In both cases, parties agreed on a 24-month delay before the listing comes into effect, after some countries said they needed time to prepare for the administrative burden of implementation. The United Kingdom opposed this on the floor of the meeting. <\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>Leigh-Anne Bullough, CITES scientific officer for the UK delegation, explained to Di\u00e1logo Chino: \u201cThe UK fully supports the listing of <\/span>Dipteryx<\/span><\/i>, but has concerns that the 24-month implementation delay will risk creating an incentive to harvest large amounts from the wild during the implementation delay to create pre-convention stockpiles. Instead, the UK would like to see range states take advantage of various resolutions to support implementation, and we would also like to work with other parties to help with implementation.\u201d<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Checks on trade in freshwater turtles<\/h2>\n

A total of 12 proposals to increase regulation of trade in freshwater turtles were adopted at CITES CoP19. Latin American species added to Appendix II included the <\/span>neotropical wood turtles<\/span><\/a> of the genus <\/span>Rhinoclemmys<\/span><\/i>; <\/span>mud turtles<\/span><\/a> of the genus <\/span>Kinosternon<\/span><\/i>, and the distinctive <\/span>matamata turtles<\/span><\/a> of the Amazon and Orinoco river basins. Species in all of these groups are caught and traded internationally as pets.

<\/span><\/p>\n
\"matamata
Matamata turtles, native to South America, are in high demand in the international pet and aquaria trade. They were added to CITES Appendix II at CoP19 in Panama, meaning international trade will now be regulated (Image: Mata Mata Turtle \/ Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAccording to official statistics, trade in the matamata to Asia and the USA is increasing, so it is important to include it under CITES,\u201d said Yovana Murillo Vega, programme manager for counter wildlife trafficking in the Andes, Amazon and Orinoco at the Wildlife Conservation Society. \u201cAuthorities are also encountering illegal trade in the main source countries like Peru, Colombia and Brazil. Addition to CITES will increase research initiatives to understand the species, both the trade chain and natural populations.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

As the Latin American turtles discussed at CITES CoP19 were added to Appendix II, international sales for the pet trade are not banned, but are now supposed to be regulated to ensure the long-term survival of the species.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Amazonian stingrays<\/h2>\n

Another group of Latin American species to receive new protection from the pet trade at CITES CoP19 were <\/span>freshwater stingrays. Seven species of the genus <\/span>Potamotrygon<\/span><\/i>, all found only in Brazil, were added to CITES Appendix II. The species are popular in the ornamental fish trade in Asia and Europe due to their attractively patterned skin, and Brazil <\/span>argued<\/span><\/a> that regulation of this trade is needed to ensure their long-term survival.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThese stingrays are sold in Asia. However, Brazil does not authorise exports from the wild and therefore specimens in trade are being traded illegally,\u201d Goyenechea of Defenders of Wildlife told Di\u00e1logo Chino. \u201cNow that these species are CITES-listed, this situation will improve, because requirements will be put in place to ensure that trade is sustainable and traceable.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s important now that countries focus actions and efforts on implementation and compliance<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Beyond stingrays, Goyenechea spoke of concern over the wider pet trade and a need to increase efforts to monitor and regulate it: \u201cAt this CoP, countries signalled that they understand the necessity of regulating the international pet trade, which has been increasing. I wish CITES would look more closely at the pet trade, because it has a big impact on countries that are rich in biodiversity and it\u2019s easy to reduce demand \u2013 exotic pets are not something people need.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Wildlife Conservation Society\u2019s Murillo welcomed the range of new listings at the recent CoP, but pointed to challenges beyond the meeting: \u201cIt\u2019s good that these proposals have passed, but now the challenge is implementation. Illegal trade also involves species included in CITES, and we have to combat wildlife trafficking in our region \u2013 it\u2019s important now that countries focus actions and efforts on implementation and compliance.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The CoP19 meeting of CITES, the global wildlife trade treaty, concluded last week in Panama with agreements for greater protection for many species in Latin America<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000026,"featured_media":50361215,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[511,527,539,610],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021,50000025,50000023,50007635,50002594,50006305,50002599],"class_list":["post-50361214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-biodiversity","tag-crime","tag-endangered-species","tag-wildlife","country-brazil","country-colombia","country-costa-rica","country-dominican-republic","country-ecuador","country-el-salvador","country-panama"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFive key takeaways for Latin America from global wildlife summit | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta 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