{"id":50364182,"date":"2023-03-14T17:10:47","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T17:10:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=64182"},"modified":"2023-09-29T20:16:57","modified_gmt":"2023-09-29T19:16:57","slug":"364182-will-fires-finally-force-argentina-to-protect-its-wetlands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/364182-will-fires-finally-force-argentina-to-protect-its-wetlands\/","title":{"rendered":"Will fires finally force Argentina to protect its wetlands?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Esteban Mart\u00edn keeps several dozen beehives at his home, a simple property at the edge of El Laurel stream, on one of the hundreds of islands in the Argentine province of Entre R\u00edos. The islands form part of the wetlands of the Paran\u00e1 River delta, one of the largest, most populated and biodiverse in the world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI am an islander and a beekeeper,\u201d says 66-year-old Mart\u00edn. \u201cI\u2019ve lived here all my life \u2013 this is my life \u2013 and I\u2019ve never seen this place like now, all dry and burnt. The landscape we had before has disappeared. After the fire it changed forever. This was a wetland, and they are turning it into a field.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Wetlands cover <a href=\"https:\/\/www.argentina.gob.ar\/sites\/default\/files\/documento_marco_inh_final.pdf\">more than 20%<\/a> of Argentina\u2019s surface area. They are a diverse range of ecosystems covered by water, or with soils that are seasonally or permanently saturated with water, such as marshes, estuaries and riparian forests. They provide important ecosystem services, from drought mitigation to carbon sequestration.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_64192\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64192\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64192 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/20230313_WETLANDS_FIRES_ARGENTINA_MAP_EN_V3-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"map of wetlands and fires in the Paran\u00e1 Delta\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1578\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64192\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Incidents of fires and other thermal anomalies in the Paran\u00e1 Delta, recorded daily from 1 December 2022 to 28 February 2023. Incidents occurring over more than one day were recorded more than once, increasing the intensity of the orange colour shown on the map. The wetlands shown are also limited to within Argentina\u2019s borders and include inland water bodies such as lakes (Wetlands data source: INTA. Fire data source: NASA [Terra \/ Modis, NOAA-20 \/ VIIRS, Aqua \/ Modis, Suomi NPP \/ VIIRS]. Graphic: Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<p>Mart\u00edn\u2019s island has been struck by fires twice in three years: in 2020, his house, the shed where he kept his tools and many of his hives burned down. \u201cI had to start from scratch because I had nothing left,\u201d he recalls. Then, at the end of 2022, a new wave of fires destroyed his entire honey production facility: \u201cIt was very hard. I am still trying to start producing again because I lost all my bees. The fire affected my health and my work.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Paran\u00e1 Delta, which covers an area of <a href=\"https:\/\/lac.wetlands.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/dlm_uploads\/2019\/04\/El-Delta-del-Parana.pdf\">1.7 million hectares<\/a>, is facing a historic fire crisis, one that has recently began to reach further north, into the province of Corrientes and its Iber\u00e1 wetlands \u2013 another area of swamps, bogs and lagoons that stretches over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.argentina.gob.ar\/sites\/default\/files\/plan_de_ordenamiento_territorial_esteros_del_ibera.pdf\">1.3 million hectares<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/museoscasso2\/explora\/monitoreo-de-incendios?authuser=0\">More than half the area<\/a> of the Paran\u00e1 Delta has been affected by fire in the past three years. In the Iber\u00e1 marshes, more than 100,000 hectares <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infobae.com\/sociedad\/2023\/03\/01\/se-quemaron-mas-de-100000-hectareas-en-corrientes-y-el-91-son-esteros\/\">have so far burned in 2023.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>This has brought negative <a href=\"https:\/\/dcm.unr.edu.ar\/noticia\/14423\/efectos-de-los-incendios-en-los-suelos-de-las-islas\">impacts to ecosystems<\/a>, their soils, habitats and species, while air pollution and smoke have posed serious public health problems for nearby cities such as Rosario and its 1 million inhabitants. \u201cThe burning of wetlands is one of the worst ecological disasters in the region and seriously affects the health of our population,\u201d according to <a href=\"https:\/\/fcm.unr.edu.ar\/quema-de-humedales-desastre-ecologico-y-graves-consecuencias-sobre-la-salud\/\">the medical school<\/a> at the University of Rosario.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_64201\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64201\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64201 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/GP1SZZLI-\u00a9-Sebastian-Suarez-Meccia-Greenpeace-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"foggy city skyline\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64201\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Rosario engulfed in smoke from fires in the wetlands of the Paran\u00e1 Delta, September 2022 (Image \u00a9 Sebasti\u00e1n Su\u00e1rez Meccia \/ Greenpeace)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<p>The fires have coincided with a historic three-year drought in Argentina, the effects of which are being <a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/es\/story\/2023\/02\/1518812\">exacerbated by climate change<\/a>. Prolonged dry spells, combined with a number of intense <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/agriculture\/50488-drought-south-america-soy-maize-economy\/\">heatwaves<\/a>, have created ideal conditions for wildfires to start \u2013 and spread.<\/p>\n<p>Environmental organisations, however, have repeatedly alleged that fires have been started deliberately, pointing towards changes in land use driven by cattle ranchers seeking to expand their pastures by burning off natural vegetation. In order to regulate the use of these areas, they have for years been calling on Argentina\u2019s national and provincial governments to sanction a Wetlands Law that would improve the protection of these ecosystems \u2013 but one that has faced a struggle to gain sufficient support.<\/p>\n<h2>Demand for meat, push for pasture<\/h2>\n<p>Cattle ranching on wetlands is an activity long established in Argentina, a country home to some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.argentina.gob.ar\/noticias\/stock-bovino-se-presento-el-informe-de-existencias-diciembre-de-2021\">53 million head<\/a> of cattle. The province of Entre R\u00edos, where 80% of the islands that make up the Paran\u00e1 Delta are located, has 2.8 million head distributed across its mainland and island areas, according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indec.gob.ar\/ftp\/cuadros\/economia\/cna2018_resultados_definitivos.pdf\">2018 Agricultural and Livestock Census<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Argentina\u2019s livestock production totalled over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/992730\/beef-veal-meat-production-volume-argentina\">3 million tonnes<\/a> in 2022, a significant portion of which was sent overseas: exports reached 625,700 tonnes last year, a 9.5% increase on 2021, according to figures from <a href=\"https:\/\/ciccra.com.ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Inf-No-264a-2023-enero.pdf\">CICCRA<\/a>, the Argentine meat industry\u2019s business chamber. China is the country\u2019s biggest beef buyer, accounting for 485,700 tonnes of exports in 2022, a 14.4% rise on 2021 figures. Eight out of every 10 kg of meat exported went to the East Asian country, bringing revenues of US$2.3 billion.<\/p>\n<p>As demand grows and production looks to expand, Argentina\u2019s wetlands have increasingly been targeted for conversion to pasture, including as part of government-backed programmes, sparking <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/agriculture\/54421-argentina-wants-to-convert-wetlands-to-boost-agricultural-production\/\">controversy and debate<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCattle ranching can be the most appropriate economic activity in the Paran\u00e1 Delta wetlands, but only if it is done in a sustainable way, not in an industrial way,\u201d says Rub\u00e9n Quintana, a biologist and president of the Fundaci\u00f3n Humedales (Wetlands Foundation), the regional branch of the NGO Wetlands International.<\/p>\n<p>Livestock farming in Argentina\u2019s wetlands has seen a change in scale over recent decades: from a former landscape of small or subsistence farms, most are now industrial in size and character.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_64207\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64207\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64207 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/IMG_8086-Campo-Bajo-11-21-RQ-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"cattle grazing neat wetlands\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64207\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows in a wetland area of the Paran\u00e1 River delta. After a period of decline from its peak in the 2000s, livestock farming in Argentina\u2019s wetlands has began to grow again in recent years, as has the number of cattle head (Image: Fundaci\u00f3n Humedales)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<p>There has also been notable growth in cattle head in recent years, correlating to the flow of the Paran\u00e1: as the river suffers from prolonged low water levels, reaching the lowest levels <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/graphics\/CLIMATE-UN\/ARGENTINA-RIVER\/zdpxoreykvx\/\">in nearly 80 years<\/a>, new lands have become available for producers. According to data from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lacapital.com.ar\/suscriptores\/en-cinco-anos-crecio-46-la-cantidad-ganado-las-islas-n10024808.html\">SENASA<\/a>, the national agricultural and food safety service, the number of cattle in the Paran\u00e1 Delta grew by 46% between 2017 and 2022, from 130,992 to 191,662.<\/p>\n<p>However, agronomist Ernesto Massa, from the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), highlights that the peak in the number of cattle in the delta came in 2007, when it reached 1.5 million head \u2013 a figure that has never been repeated and has seen much fluctuation since. \u201cSince 2010 the stock has been declining, although it is true that with the lowering of the river, the general load of animals has risen. Today we are at 60 or 70% of the record levels of 2007,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n<p>Leonardo Scarparo, a livestock producer in the area, echoes Massa\u2019s point. \u201cWe are at 10% of what the cattle load was at the best times. The islands were pretty empty before the fires,\u201d says the farmer, who works 800 hectares with some 200 animals, with most of his meat going to export.<\/p>\n<h2>Fire, cows and blame<\/h2>\n<p>Environmental organisations have claimed that fires in the wetlands have mostly been started by cattle ranchers to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infobae.com\/tendencias\/2020\/08\/05\/quema-de-pastizales-en-el-delta-que-riesgos-trae-para-la-zona-central-del-pais\/\">&nbsp;\u201cclear\u201d dry vegetation<\/a> during the winter, to allow grass regrowth for the cattle in the spring.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe advance of the cattle frontier and the increased number of cows in the wetlands explain the many fires,\u201d says Ivo Peruggino, of the Multisectorial Humedales, a conservation network that brings together citizens with social and environmental organisations. \u201cThen there are other actors involved, such as real estate businesses and also wildlife poachers.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_64216\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64216\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64216 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/eduardo-bodino-30-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"heavy smoke on burning field\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1183\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64216\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of fires in the Paran\u00e1 River delta, in the south of Argentina\u2019s Entre R\u00edos province (Image \u00a9 Eduardo Bodi\u00f1o \/ Greenpeace)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<p>For academics and analysts, the answer to the origin of the recent fires is not so simple. \u201cIt is a sum of factors, and I would not hold only the cattle ranchers responsible, although many of them set fire to their fields,\u201d says Rub\u00e9n Quintana. \u201cIn these exceptional environmental conditions, using this method is much more serious.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>From his island in Entre R\u00edos, Esteban Mart\u00edn has his own interpretation: \u201cBefore, the person who set fires was the islander, the inhabitant. But not now \u2013 now, anyone comes and sets fires, and they don\u2019t care about anything, starting with those who lease the fields for livestock.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ernesto Massa similarly highlighted fire\u2019s long-standing use in livestock agriculture, but cautioned of its risks: \u201cFire is used for vegetation renewal, it is a cultural practice of pasture management that is cheap and easy, but you have to know how to manage it well.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Scarparo argues the fires were intentionally caused by big agribusiness to \u201cgenerate social unrest\u201d among the ranchers.<\/p>\n<h2>The Wetlands Law: an ongoing saga<\/h2>\n<p>At the same time as the fire crisis, calls for the introduction of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leydehumedalesya.org\/\">Wetlands Law<\/a> as a tool to regulate the productive uses of land have grown stronger. However, after the fourth attempt in a decade, the proposal once more did not advance through the Argentine congress in 2022.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_56494\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-56494\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/agriculture\/54421-argentina-wants-to-convert-wetlands-to-boost-agricultural-production\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-56494\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/bird-wetland-Corrientes_Alamy_2G3RAY6-1440x720.jpg\" alt=\"wetlands\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-56494\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Read more: <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/agriculture\/54421-argentina-wants-to-convert-wetlands-to-boost-agricultural-production\/\">Argentina wants to convert wetlands to boost agricultural production<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>According to the environmentalists, sectors with great economic power are holding back any possibility of legislation: \u201cAgribusiness is constantly pushing its frontier without worrying about what it deforests,\u201d reads <a href=\"https:\/\/aadeaa.org\/tenemos-derecho-a-una-buena-ley-de-humedales\/\">a public letter<\/a> from the Argentinean Association of Environmental Lawyers (AADEAA). \u201cThis combination of interests against the Wetlands Law causes enormous political and media resistance. They are the fire lobby.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Agricultural organisations, meanwhile, claim that such a law would go against production interests and generate more poverty. In November 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/agronoa.com.ar\/la-mesa-de-enlace-contra-la-ley-de-humedales\/\">a communiqu\u00e9<\/a> entitled \u201cThere is no need for another law on environmental policy\u201d was issued by a coalition of influential agricultural groups, stating that this proposal \u201cundermines\u201d their activity and \u201cputs at risk the rural roots and the development of the country\u201d.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>This combination of interests against the Wetlands Law causes enormous political and media resistance. They are the fire lobby<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>After four failed attempts, those who have followed the debate closely see it as unlikely that the Wetlands Law will be discussed again in congress this year. \u201cIt\u2019s an election year and I don\u2019t think any party is going to look at this,\u201d says Quintana. \u201cI had hoped it would move forward last year, but it didn\u2019t.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Sustainable production challenges<\/h2>\n<p>Fundaci\u00f3n Humedales is currently <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3kMgAqu\">working<\/a> with a group of cattle ranchers in the country\u2019s wetlands to introduce more sustainable production. This involves following a series of practices aiming at improving the environmental performance of livestock farms, which can then be evaluated regularly against a set of indicators.<\/p>\n<div class='cdo-shortcode--image'><\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_64228\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64228\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64228 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/DSCN9485-R.Bo_-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"man looking at plants in quadrat\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64228\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil sampling in the Paran\u00e1 River delta to assess the impact of cattle grazing. The Fundaci\u00f3n Humedales, a wetlands advocacy group, has worked with livestock producers in the delta to encourage environmentally sustainable farming practices (Image: Fundaci\u00f3n Humedales)<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<p>Applying better practices that include greater conservation of the ecosystem is the overall objective, says Quintana. To this end, it is important for producers to be able to receive greater reward for their efforts. \u201cWe are thinking of developing a certification that identifies sustainable wetland cattle ranching,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n<p>The NGO is working with 12 farms in different parts of the delta on issues such as pasture maintenance, improved forage quality, soil, water and vegetation management, control of animal numbers and coexistence with wildlife.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe extensive cattle ranching model implies a drastic transformation of the wetland,\u201d Quintana says. \u201cThere used to be traditional wetland livestock farming, but it is probably not the most appropriate now. We have to look for intermediate models that allow production without altering the deep hydrology of the wetland.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Environmentalists intensify calls for a law to protect the country\u2019s wetlands after devastating recent blazes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000026,"featured_media":50364186,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[543,50040317,561,608],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000020],"class_list":["post-50364182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-extreme-weather","tag-farming","tag-livestock","tag-wetlands","country-argentina"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Will fires finally force 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