{"id":50364343,"date":"2023-03-21T11:45:02","date_gmt":"2023-03-21T11:45:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=64343"},"modified":"2023-06-08T13:38:22","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T12:38:22","slug":"364343-interview-mexico-lithium-we-wont-see-100-mexican-process-for-a-decade","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/364343-interview-mexico-lithium-we-wont-see-100-mexican-process-for-a-decade\/","title":{"rendered":"Q&A: \u2018We won\u2019t see a 100% Mexican lithium process for a decade\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lithium has become an increasingly hot topic in Mexico. Following the discovery<\/a> in 2019 of a deposit, in Bacad\u00e9huachi, a small town in the northern state of Sonora, debates raged about who would exploit the reserves. At the time it was \u2013 erroneously, it turns out \u2013 dubbed by a mining magazine<\/a> \u201cthe largest lithium deposit in the world\u201d. Initially a joint venture between London-listed Bacanora Lithium and Chinese firm Ganfeng Lithium, the latter completed a full takeover<\/a> of the project last year \u2013 just as Mexican president Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador\u2019s efforts to enhance state control over the mineral gathered pace.<\/p>\n

Having passed a law<\/a> declaring the country\u2019s lithium deposits as national property in April 2022, and establishing a state company<\/a>, LitioMx, in August, the president cast further doubt on the future of private and foreign involvement in the country\u2019s lithium industry in February, by signing a new decree<\/a> ordering the energy ministry to step up its nationalisation efforts.<\/p>\n

Lithium, the so-called \u201cwhite gold\u201d, has taken centre stage given its role as an essential component in electric vehicle batteries and other technologies needed in the global energy transition<\/a> away from fossil fuels. With the recent announcement that Tesla <\/a>plans to build a factory<\/a> in the state of Monterrey, speculation has been growing that Mexico could become a key location in the energy transition.<\/p>\n

But controversies surrounding the country\u2019s lithium have been widespread and questions abound<\/a>, including doubts over the speed of progress at the reserves in Sonora<\/a> and the difficulty of extracting lithium from clay soils. Since the president stated in February that he would \u201cnot allow foreigners to exploit it\u201d, there are doubts as to whether Mexico, a newcomer to the industry, has the technology and know-how to extract its lithium. Added to this are the environmental concerns of mining in areas of the country suffering from extreme drought.<\/p>\n

Di\u00e1logo Chino recently spoke with Aleida Azamar<\/a>, an economist and expert on mining in Mexico with more than ten years of experience in the field, to understand these questions. Azamar is a researcher and professor at the country\u2019s Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM) in Mexico City.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Aleida
Aleida Azamar discusses the socio-environmental impacts of mining on a radio programme at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in Mexico City (Image: Alejandro Ju\u00e1rez Gallardo)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Di\u00e1logo Chino: After the discovery of the lithium deposits in Bacad\u00e9huachi, how do you see the situation in Mexico developing?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aleida Azamar<\/strong>: There is a notable lack of clarity in institutional policy on the issue. The president has made contradictory statements. At the beginning, he showed himself to be oblivious to the issue and even described lithium extraction as more a matter for the companies, as the government did not have the money to carry out these activities. For several months, he publicly stated that nationalisation was not necessary due to the system of national concessions. This discourse changed dramatically, and since 2022 there has been much more talk about nationalising this mineral.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, there is no clarity about the extent of the country\u2019s lithium reserves, not even those in Bacad\u00e9huachi. The Bacanora Lithium company believes there are 8.8 million tonnes<\/a> [at Bacad\u00e9huachi], but the US Geological Survey has suggested<\/a> there may be 1.7 million tonnes [in the entire country]. This lack of precision on the subject is due to the very limited amount of financial resources available to the Mexican Geological Survey, and in turn to the fact that such a complex assessment has been attempted in such a short time frame.<\/p>\n

I believe that for several years \u2013 perhaps a decade or more \u2013 we will not see a 100% Mexican lithium extraction process. In addition, there are few companies today that have a method for extracting lithium from clays [such as those in Sonora] that is sufficiently cost-effective to make it viable in the long term. Added to this situation is the fact that it requires highly specialised personnel, which we do not have. In the event that we were able to develop this technology for this purpose, hundreds of millions of dollars would still be needed for exploration and up to the extraction stage.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Lithium
A proposed lithium mining site near Bacad\u00e9huachi in Mexico\u2019s Sonora state appears empty in 2022 (Image: Ann Deslandes \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

What role could the state-run company LitioMx play?<\/strong><\/p>\n

I would ask: for whom and why do we need a lithium company? This issue of the Mexican lithium company started when the president said that lithium is \u201cfor the nation\u201d. The problem is that he is not planning, nor is he following, a long-term strategy.<\/p>\n

It should be said that a company of this type is necessary \u2013 as long as they plan to develop educational and technological plans so that the population can be integrated into these production chains. In this way, it would spearhead a transformation in the country, though it would be a very long time until we would see concrete results.<\/p>\n

But if it is just a fa\u00e7ade to subcontract foreign specialists, it only adds to the already large existing bureaucracy that is not going to develop institutions, education or technology in the country. Moreover, we have to think that in 20 years, lithium will no longer have the same relevance \u2013 there will be alternatives. Sodium batteries and hydrogen options, for example, are already very advanced.<\/p>\n

There can be fuel spills and cases of accidents happening because workers are not trained properly, or because of making cost savings<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Given that Mexico does not have specialist technology for lithium extraction, if foreign companies carry this out, how can Mexico benefit?<\/strong><\/p>\n

It must be made clear that we do not have the value chains or capital to take advantage of this resource. Investment costs are too high and there is not even a base from which to start. Thinking about other Latin American countries that have extracted lithium \u2013 Argentina or Chile \u2013 they do not have a significant industry for car batteries, so we do not have an industry in these assemblies in Latin America. China has more experience in this area.<\/p>\n

Roughly speaking, in order to produce a battery, there are five major stages to consider: mining, refining, chemical processing, cell assembly, battery assembly. China has the most power in all stages. And then, from stages three to five, Japan is involved. The other countries that are already extracting do not have a significant standing here \u2013 not even the United States or Australia are participating in those stages. It\u2019s not that it\u2019s impossible. But it is not feasible in the short term. A study by ECLAC [the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean] calculated that it could take Mexico 13 years to integrate into this value chain, and it would be competing in a highly specialised industry.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"partially
An aerial view of low water levels in the Abelardo L Rodr\u00edguez Dam in Hermosillo in Sonora state, Mexico. The state has been heavily affected by drought, and there are concerns that lithium mining could exacerbate water shortages (Image: Luis Gutierrez \/ Norte Photo)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

What are some of the environmental impacts of lithium extraction in general, particularly in northern Mexico where there is drought?<\/strong><\/p>\n

It is often said that the impact of lithium extraction<\/a> may be less than other mining projects, but lithium extraction requires tonnes of chemicals. Lithium deposits in Mexico are in places with high water stress, such as Sonora. For every minute of lithium extraction, 600 litres of water are used \u2013 the same as two people use in a day [in Mexico City]. All processes and stages of mining require water.<\/p>\n

Another issue in terms of environmental impact is accidents. There can be fuel spills and there are many cases of accidents happening because workers are not trained properly, or because of making cost savings and not having adequate signage.<\/p>\n

On the social side there are also prejudices: often local people are not hired, and if they are hired it is for the most harmful processes, for the transport or the opening of the mine. The top jobs generally go to foreigners. Mining companies are leaving territories without water, and community development is not promoted; it competes with the development of the area.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mining expert Aleida Azamar discusses her concerns over Mexico\u2019s lithium nationalisation plans<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3907,"featured_media":50364353,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[13444,18133,566],"hashtags":[],"country":[50002597],"class_list":["post-50364343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-electric-vehicles","tag-lithium","tag-mining","country-mexico"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nQ&A: \u2018We won\u2019t see a 100% Mexican lithium process for a decade\u2019 | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mining expert Aleida Azamar has concerns about the challenges posed by Mexico\u2019s lithium nationalisation plans\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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