{"id":50364607,"date":"2023-03-31T13:46:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T12:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=64607"},"modified":"2023-06-08T13:38:00","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T12:38:00","slug":"364607-four-ways-climate-change-harms-health-south-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/364607-four-ways-climate-change-harms-health-south-america\/","title":{"rendered":"Four ways climate change harms the health of South Americans"},"content":{"rendered":"

Climate change is increasing temperatures across South America, reducing rainfall<\/a> in several of its countries, leading glaciers to rapidly retreat<\/a> in the Andes, and causing sea levels to rise<\/a> on the Pacific and Atlantic coastlines.<\/p>\n

Coverage of changing weather patterns and extreme weather events, as well as the harm they bring to South America\u2019s ecosystems, is widespread, but their impacts on people\u2019s health are perhaps less widely understood. The effects of a changing climate on human bodies range from the acute to the chronic, and the responses of regional governments to these risks have so far been inadequate, according to a new report.<\/p>\n

The 2022 South America report on health and climate change<\/a>, released on Tuesday 28 March by Lancet Countdown, an independent expert group that monitors the links between public health and climate, explores some of the main threats and the regional capacity to deal with them. \u201cClimate change is harming the health of South Americans, so it is time to take immediate action,\u201d said Stella Hartinger, the report\u2019s lead author.<\/p>\n

Here we look at four of the report\u2019s key findings, covering some of the most significant threats to South American health in a changing climate.

<\/p>\n
\"A
Summer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where temperatures can reach over 40C. According to a new Lancet report, deaths related to heat in South America increased by 160% between 2017 and 2021, compared to 2000\u20132004 (Image: Fernando Fraz\u00e3o \/ Ag\u00eancia Brasil<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/p>\n

Heatwaves lead to more deaths of vulnerable people<\/h2>\n

Exposure to extreme heat increases the risk of death from all causes, particularly cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory conditions. Newborns and people over the age of 65 are the most vulnerable. \u201cHeatwaves have become more frequent and intense, and are a hazard to the health and survival of these age groups,\u201d said Yasna Palmeiro-Silva from Chile, another of the report\u2019s authors.<\/p>\n

The World Meteorological Organization has recorded<\/a> increasing temperatures in every country in South America, with heatwaves exceptionally intense and long in central and north-eastern Brazil, Colombia, central Chile and central and southern Argentina.<\/p>\n

The Lancet report estimated that deaths related to heat in South America increased by 160% between 2017 and 2021 compared to 2000\u20132004, with Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela being the most affected.<\/p>\n

Venezuela is not among the South American countries with higher increases in temperature, but its population is comparatively older<\/a> than many others in the region, and 80%<\/a> of its elderly citizens live in poverty, heightening the risks from extreme heat and making adaptation even more difficult.

<\/p>\n
\"A
Fires in C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina in 2020. Wildfires can increase the risk of all types of cancer according to a review published in The Journal of Climate Change and Health (Image \u00a9 Daniel C\u00e1ceres \/ Greenpeace)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/p>\n

Wildfires cause acute problems and death<\/h2>\n

Wildfires can cause direct physical harm or death through smoke inhalation, but in some cases health issues appear in the longer term. The exposure to fine particulate matters and chemicals from wildfires can increase the risk of cancer of all types, according to a review<\/a> published in The Journal of Climate Change and Health.<\/p>\n

\n

12 countries<\/p>\n

\n
\nare analysed in the new Lancet report: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela and Suriname. As an overseas department of France, French Guiana was not included.
\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

The new Lancet study showed that the exposure to \u201cvery high\u201d or \u201cextremely high\u201d wildfire danger \u2013 and its related health risks \u2013 has increased in nine out of the 12 South American countries it analysed. People in the region suffered on average seven more days of risk exposure each year between 2018 and 2021, compared to 2001 to 2004, a 35% increase. Argentina and Chile faced the highest risk in South America.<\/p>\n

Human activity is the main driver of wildfires in most South American biomes \u2013 an exception, the report notes, is the Brazilian Cerrado<\/a>, where fires are part of its natural ecosystem dynamics. But climate change can also ease the conditions for the start and spread of these fires, through higher temperatures and reduced rainfall and humidity.<\/p>\n

The Amazon rainforest<\/a>, Pantanal and Chaco<\/a> biomes have been particularly vulnerable to human-caused fires, resulting in major forest and biodiversity loss. This process reduces carbon sequestration and exacerbates climate change \u2013 therefore worsening health risks.

<\/p>\n
\"A
The district government of Bras\u00edlia spreads insecticide to counter the mosquitoes that transmit infectious diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya and yellow fever (Image: L\u00facio Bernardo Jr<\/a> \/ Ag\u00eancia Bras\u00edlia<\/a>, CC BY<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/p>\n

Higher temperature increases infectious diseases<\/h2>\n

Global warming is expanding the range<\/a> of several infectious diseases, with dengue in particular endemic in South America, with a high disease burden and frequent epidemic cycles, the Lancet report notes. High temperature, precipitation and humidity \u2013 conditions becoming more regular and intense in many regions under climate change \u2013 are key for dengue transmission, with urbanisation and population movement also said to have a strong influence on its spread.<\/p>\n

The incidence and severity of dengue rose substantially in the last 30 years in the region, according to the Lancet group, who monitored an indicator of \u201cclimate suitability\u201d for the disease\u2019s transmission since the 1950s. They showed a steady increase in dengue in all countries where mosquitos, which spread the disease, are found, except for Argentina and Suriname.<\/p>\n

Across the region, the climate suitability for dengue transmission rose by 35% between 2012 and 2021, compared to 1951\u20131960. As the range and ever more frequently ideal conditions for transmission increases, \u201cIt is urgent that the South American health systems strengthen their capacities to face this challenge,\u201d said Andres Lescano, another contributor to the paper.

<\/p>\n
\"Dried
Drought in the Southern Cone has caused economic losses and threatened water supply. The region has also seen a rise of food insecurity, driven by extreme climate events (Image: Marcelo Camargo \/ Ag\u00eancia Brasil)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/div><\/p>\n

Climate conditions impact food production<\/h2>\n

Climate change can affect<\/a> the growth, yield and nutritional content of several crops, including wheat, rice, maize and soybean, causing economic impacts to producers and nations, and increasing the risk of food insecurity and its consequences for health.<\/p>\n

Long droughts and higher temperatures have already had consequences for South American agriculture. Producers mainly in Brazil<\/a> and Argentina<\/a> have faced losses in output, impacting both exports and domestic consumption.<\/p>\n

In recent years, the region has also seen rising food insecurity<\/a>, driven by more frequent extreme climate events<\/a>, as well as political turmoil, economic downturns, the Covid-19 pandemic and even the war in Ukraine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World<\/a> report, published by the United Nations, 117.3 million people in Latin America \u2014 21% of the region\u2019s population \u2014 did not have access to enough food in 2020.<\/p>\n

\u201cClimate change will put additional pressure on food systems,\u201d the Lancet report states, highlighting more intense and longer droughts, extreme weather events, higher temperatures, increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and shorter growing seasons as threats to production. In sum, it says, they present \u201can acute menace to food security in the region\u201d \u2013 and thus, its people\u2019s health.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

New report presents most comprehensive overview of the health impacts of region\u2019s changing weather patterns<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":50364609,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[519,543,546,551],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000020,50002592,50000021,50000024,50000025,50002594,50002595,50002600,50002601,50029522,50002602,50002604],"class_list":["post-50364607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-climate-impacts","tag-extreme-weather","tag-food-security","tag-health","country-argentina","country-bolivia","country-brazil","country-chile","country-colombia","country-ecuador","country-guyana","country-paraguay","country-peru","country-suriname","country-uruguay","country-venezuela"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFour ways climate change harms the health of 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