{"id":50373051,"date":"2023-07-06T18:39:56","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T15:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=373051"},"modified":"2023-07-19T15:00:49","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T14:00:49","slug":"373051-chiles-second-attempt-at-a-new-constitution-dials-down-green-ambitions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/373051-chiles-second-attempt-at-a-new-constitution-dials-down-green-ambitions\/","title":{"rendered":"Chile\u2019s second attempt at a new constitution dials down green ambitions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

After a proposed progressive and ambitious new constitution<\/a> was rejected by more than 60%<\/a> of voters last September, Chile is once more in the midst of debate over the rewriting of its 1980 document, a legacy of Augusto Pinochet\u2019s military dictatorship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This process was launched in 2019, after thousands of Chileans took to the streets in protest against the rising cost of living, among other demands, eventually leading to a referendum that saw an overwhelming majority support the creation of a new constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A pandemic, a change of government from businessman Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era to young leftist Gabriel Boric<\/a>, and a failed rewrite have come since. Now, 50 constitutional councillors elected by the public are overseeing the draft, with only a few months to finalise a new text before it is once more put to a plebiscite at the end of the year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike the previous rewrite, which was led by a 155-member constituent assembly<\/a>, the new councillors have not started with a blank sheet of paper. Following the failure of last year\u2019s draft, President Gabriel Boric\u2019s government settled on a new process agreed with the opposition, in which political parties have the leading role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"mural<\/div>
As last year\u2019s constitution plebiscite neared, slogans were seen on walls across Chile and showed the divides between the Approve (apruebo<\/em>) and Reject (rechazo<\/em>) sides (Image: Elena Basso \/ Di\u00e1logo Chino)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In January, Chile\u2019s congress appointed a 24-member expert commission, which created a preliminary draft of the constitution \u2013 already publicly available<\/a> \u2013 that is the basis for the work of the 50 elected councillors. However, there is much uncertainty over the direction it will take, given the dominant role now played by Chile\u2019s far-right Republican Party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Republicans swept the May council elections to take 23 of the 50 seats, giving them veto power over the articles that will be included in the new proposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, what role is there likely to be for the environment and climate change in Chile\u2019s new constitution?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experts\u2019 proposal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A recent survey<\/a> on perceptions and expectations of the current process, published by Chilean think-tank Espacio P\u00fablico, showed that 89% of respondents rank provisions for environmental protection in the new constitution as \u201cvery important\u201d \u2013 across regions, socio-economic circumstances, genders and voting choices in the September plebiscite. It ranked as the second most important issue behind social rights, with 91%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alexis Cort\u00e9s, a sociology professor at the Alberto Hurtado University in Santiago, was one of the experts appointed by congress to write the preliminary draft. He participated in a sub-commission on economic, social, cultural and environmental rights, from which the proposal\u2019s environmental norms were drafted. In his opinion, the draft constitution manages to meet this public demand, with a chapter on environmental protection, sustainability and development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe debate was quite difficult, but we managed to reach an understanding that is quite valuable in terms of the result,\u201d Cort\u00e9s says. \u201cAlthough the six articles [on the environment] that were included are few, in qualitative terms they represent substantive progress and put the country in an advanced position on these issues.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Environmental protection is still seen as a threat to economic development<\/blockquote>Pilar Moraga, the Environmental Law Centre at the University of Chile<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The first article of the environmental chapter of the draft bill states that \u201cenvironmental protection, sustainability and development are oriented towards the full exercise of people\u2019s rights, as well as the care of nature and its biodiversity, considering current and future generations.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Environmental lawyers who have followed the constitutional debate describe the text as far less ambitious than the environmental standards proposed in the rejected draft, but it does make some progress compared to the existing 1980 document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the draft, in its current form, maintains a system that enables private ownership of water through exploitation rights, it also recognises a human right to water and its character as a national asset for public use at the constitutional level. Chile is currently suffering from a 13-year \u201cmega-drought\u201d that has stretched supplies and caused tensions<\/a> in various regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This recognition \u201ccould help solve water problems because private interests must be aligned with the public interest and the common good, which implies protecting the ecosystems that allow the water cycle to continue functioning,\u201d explains Ezio Costa, a lawyer and director of the NGO FIMA<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Possible advances could come from the draft\u2019s explicit inclusion of a duty for the state, and also of individuals, on environmental protection. \u201cThis may give a wider scope for action at the judicial level,\u201d says Pilar Moraga, director of the Environmental Law Centre at the University of Chile. \u201cBut in terms of legislation and an economic model that integrates environmental protection, there is not such an important advance. The status quo is maintained, which in the face of the climate crisis we are experiencing creates a very large gap.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arriving at the current text has not been an easy journey, given that among the expert commission chosen by congress, there is not one member with a background in environmental law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEnvironmental protection is still seen as a threat to economic development, and this tension can be seen in the political parties and in the experts they appointed,\u201d says Moraga. \u201cAt the political level, there is still a failure to visualise a correlation between the economic and the environmental, rather than the supremacy of the economic.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Republican uncertainty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Just before the inauguration of the new constitutional council, President Boric himself gave an open endorsement<\/a> of the draft: \u201cThe experts have done a very serious job, where no one has been fully satisfied. Nobody won 100%, but it is a text that is acceptable to all those who were part of its deliberation.\u201d He added that he would vote in favour of such a text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following the Republican triumph, defending the small wins in the experts\u2019 draft seems to be a priority for Boric and his allies, Moraga explains: \u201cThe expert commission\u2019s proposal sets a very low floor for what we can consider as constitutional protection of the environment. Seeing how the Constitutional Council was formed, this minimum will have to be defended. The first challenge is not to go backwards.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Aldo<\/div>
Aldo Valle (L) and Beatriz Hevia (R), vice-president and president of the constitutional council, with Chilean president Gabriel Boric on 19 June (Image: Alex Iba\u00f1ez \/ Presidency of the Republic of Chile)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Just a few weeks ago, 31 right-wing parliamentarians \u2013 led by Republican representatives \u2013 rejected a declaration<\/a> that recognised the impact of human activity on climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The elected councillors have now received the draft constitution and will be able to propose amendments in various committees, which will finally be reviewed in a plenary. The Republicans have 23 votes, which allows them to exercise veto power, given that 30 votes are necessary for the approval of an article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In other words, the Republicans have enough power to prevent any article\u2019s passing, and should they find allies in the representatives of the traditional right-wing, the necessary support to push through those to their approval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unity for Chile, an alliance of parties including Gabriel Boric\u2019s governing coalition, only has 16 seats on the council, while there is only one representative from the country\u2019s Indigenous peoples. This has already had repercussions on the make-up of the council\u2019s drafting commissions. The right holds the presidency and the majority of votes in all of these groups<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Alexis Cort\u00e9s, it will now be more difficult to make progress on environmental norms. The Republicans, he says, \u201ccould very well write or rewrite the constitution. Despite the receptiveness to these proposals during the expert commission, the chances of them advancing are lower. It is different if this type of proposal is suggested by expert commissioners from the world of the left than when society sets off these debates as something urgent.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nobody won 100%, but it is a text that is acceptable to all those who were part of its deliberation<\/blockquote>Gabriel Boric, President of Chile<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In any case, environmentalists remain committed to pushing for expanded and improved ecological provisions in the constitution. However, issues such as the creation of a Nature Ombudsman’s Office, principles of environmental protection \u2013 precautionary, prevention, intergenerational equity \u2013 and rights of access to environmental information all failed to make it into the draft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though not as broad and inclusive as the previous attempt, the constitutional process does feature participation from citizens, with 54 proposals<\/a> for articles already submitted to be discussed by the constitutional council. Academic and civil society organisations are positioning themselves to influence the process and broaden environmental protection. Ezio Costa said that various organisations are coordinating \u201cto present together the best popular bills, obtain signatures and hopefully get them included in the new constitution.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The constitutional council will have until 7 November to negotiate amendments and submit a final draft proposal, with a plebiscite set to be held on 17 December.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Following the rejection of last year\u2019s \u201cecological constitution\u201d, an elected council is discussing a new draft that experts say offers less on the environment<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000177,"featured_media":50373069,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[523,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000024],"class_list":["post-50373051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-conservation","tag-policy","country-chile"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChile\u2019s second attempt at a new constitution dials down green ambitions | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Following the rejection of last year\u2019s \u201cecological constitution\u201d, an elected council is discussing a new draft that experts say offers less on the environment\" \/>\n<meta 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