{"id":50388413,"date":"2024-02-02T15:11:45","date_gmt":"2024-02-02T15:11:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/?p=388413"},"modified":"2024-04-11T15:15:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-11T15:15:11","slug":"388413-brazil-bolivia-dam-reignites-debates-on-power-in-the-amazon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/388413-brazil-bolivia-dam-reignites-debates-on-power-in-the-amazon\/","title":{"rendered":"Brazil-Bolivia dam reignites debates on power in the Amazon"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On a hot August day in the city of Guajar\u00e1-Mirim, in Brazil\u2019s Rond\u00f4nia state, more than 140 people packed into a training centre for a consultation on a proposed hydroelectric project \u2013 one that has rekindled debates on power plants in the Amazon, as concerns over climate change, energy security and the plant\u2019s socio-environmental impacts collide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Representatives from the electricity sector and the government had come to share the first studies<\/a> for the so-called Ribeir\u00e3o dam, a binational initiative between Brazil and Bolivia targeted on the Madeira River, which divides the two countries just north of the city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a spokeswoman from Brazil\u2019s Ministry of Mines and Energy opened the presentation, protests broke out, led by around 40 demonstrators from traditional communities and organisations representing them. \u201cNo to the Ribeir\u00e3o hydroelectric dam! Water for life, not death!\u201d read one of their banners. The protestors complained of a lack of participation and transparency in the preparation of these preliminary studies for the hydroelectric project. The organisers responded by ending the event, a decision they said<\/a> was made \u201cfor security reasons\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"People<\/div>
\u201cNo to the Ribeir\u00e3o hydroelectric dam! Water for life, not death!\u201d, reads a banner at a protest on World Water Day in 2022, in Guajar\u00e1-Mirim, Rond\u00f4nia state. The project was first proposed over a decade ago, and has long encountered opposition from communities. (Image: Movement of People Affected by Dams)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00f4nima Costa, president of Z-2, a local fishing community, said she had only received the official invitation to attend on the same day as the meeting, and reported that representatives at the event then told them \u201cthe study had already been done\u201d. \u201cWe weren\u2019t needed to approve anything,\u201d she added. \u201cWhat kind of work is this that doesn\u2019t listen to the community?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local dissatisfaction with the hydroelectric project had been expressed earlier in an open letter<\/a> addressed to the presidents of both countries, Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva and Luis Arce, dated 30 July 2023, and signed by 37 civil society organisations. \u201cSummoning communities to publicise studies made without society\u2019s prior knowledge\u2026 is to violate the participation of the peoples to be affected and to hide the synergistic and cumulative impacts that will affect them,\u201d they wrote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous leaders, fishers, scientists and those who live off the land told reporters of common fears surrounding the project: the loss of ways of life and the collapse of ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amazon hydroelectric plants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Madeira River is fundamental to the balance of the Amazon basin. It stretches over 3,300 kilometres from its source in the Andes Mountains in northern Bolivia to its mouth on the Amazon River in Itacoatiara, in Brazil\u2019s Amazonas state. This turbid, nutrient-rich river is a home to much of the biome\u2019s aquatic biodiversity, including 60% of fish species<\/a>, and contributes around half of the sediment<\/a> that reaches the Amazon River.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite this, the Madeira River is suffering from a range of anthropogenic impacts, linked to land grabbing, deforestation, farming, illegal mining and dams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following the protests, a series of meetings took place in the second half of 2023 to discuss the consequences of the project, which would be the third hydroelectric facility on the Madeira River. The other two \u2013 Santo Ant\u00f4nio, in Porto Velho, and Jirau, in the Jaci-Paran\u00e1 district \u2013 can already contribute as much as 6.7%<\/a> of the electricity that makes it onto the national grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jirau and Santo Ant\u00f4nio are run-of-river dams, which means they rely on the natural energy of the river to move their turbines, rather than water held in a reservoir. \u201cThe effect of these dams on the hydrological regime is minimal,\u201d said Javier Tomasella, a researcher at Brazil\u2019s National Institute for Space Research (INPE), but he explained that the technology is more vulnerable to the climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Santo<\/div>
The Santo Ant\u00f4nio hydroelectric plant on the Madeira River, near Porto Velho, Rond\u00f4nia state. Experts say climatic events on the Madeira River have been \u201clike a pendulum\u201d in recent decades, with both extreme floods and droughts impacting hydropower operations. (Image: Programa de Acelera\u00e7\u00e3o do Crescimento)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In recent decades, climatic events on the Madeira River have been \u201clike a pendulum\u201d, according to Tomasella, going from one extreme to the other, between intense floods and droughts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThese extremes, especially the ebbs, conspire against hydroelectric plants,\u201d given their design to work without large reservoirs, said Tomasella. In October 2023, the Madeira River experienced a critical water shortage<\/a> driven by the El Ni\u00f1o weather phenomenon, and the Santo Ant\u00f4nio plant had to suspend operations<\/a> for 14 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHydroelectric dams are becoming less and less reliable in the north of the country,\u201d claimed Natalie Unterstell, president of the Talanoa Institute, a Brazilian environmental policy organisation. She said this is because these facilities \u201chave been or are being built in areas where the flow systems or rainfall patterns have changed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydroelectric plant studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In November 2016, Brazil and Bolivia signed an agreement to begin preliminary studies on a binational hydroelectric project in the Madeira Basin, in an agreement between the then Brazilian state-owned Eletrobras, privatised in 2022, the Bolivian state-owned ENDE and the CAF Latin American Development Bank. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The studies propose the construction of two dams: the Ribeir\u00e3o, so named for its position at the meeting of the Ribeir\u00e3o stream and Madeira River, between Nova Mamor\u00e9, Brazil, and Nueva Esperanza in Bolivia; and a second at the meeting of the Yata and Mamor\u00e9 rivers, between Guajar\u00e1-Mirim and Guayaramer\u00edn in Bolivia. The planned flooded area is 319 km2 \u2013 176 km2 of which situated in Bolivia, and 143 km2 in Brazil. On both sides of the border, this would affect conservation and wildlife areas, and historic heritage sites<\/a>, as well as ecosystems in Bolivia\u2019s Ramsar-listed Rio Yata<\/a> wetlands, home to 24 species of threatened animals, such as the giant otter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Jo\u00e3o Dutra, a member of the Movement of People Affected by Dams (MAB) and Brazil\u2019s National Human Rights Council, believes that the studies were carried out \u201cunilaterally\u201d. \u201cGuajar\u00e1-Mirim was once considered the greenest municipality in Brazil. Much of it is forest and traditional community land,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ninety per cent of Guajar\u00e1-Mirim\u2019s area is estimated to be covered by forests, mainly concentrated in a mosaic of conservation areas and Indigenous territories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the project to go ahead, the preliminary studies need approval from both the Brazilian and Bolivian sides. Then both countries need to sign new agreements for the next stage, which involves in-depth engineering, socio-environmental and economic studies, with an estimated timeline of six years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous peoples on alert<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Igarap\u00e9 Ribeir\u00e3o and Igarap\u00e9 Lage Indigenous lands are the closest to the proposed dams. While the companies claim that these areas will not be flooded, the Indigenous peoples may have reason to be on alert: an analysis found that the Jirau and Santo Ant\u00f4nio dams have flooded 64.5% more land than originally planned<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019re very worried,\u201d says Ar\u00e3o Oro Waram Xijeim, a leader from Igarap\u00e9 Lage. \u201cThe flooding will be greater than predicted in the study and will directly affect the social organisation, food, culture and health of the region\u2019s Indigenous peoples,\u201d he claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They are extremely important rivers for our region, for transporting our produce and, above all, to catch fish<\/blockquote>Ar\u00e3o Oro Waram Xijeim, Indigenous leader<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This Indigenous land is home to 783 people and extends over 107,000 hectares on the border between the municipalities of Nova Mamor\u00e9 and Guajar\u00e1-Mirim. Igarap\u00e9 Ribeir\u00e3o, meanwhile, has 289 inhabitants and 48,000 hectares, all located within Nova Mamor\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Mamor\u00e9 and Madeira are extremely important rivers for our region, because we use them to transport our produce and, above all, to catch fish to eat,\u201d said Ar\u00e3o Oro. \u201cThey\u2019re going to build that Ribeir\u00e3o power station over there, it\u2019s going to have an impact here.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The studies recognise<\/a> that a projected increase in migration due to the works could \u201ccause changes to existing ways of life\u201d and \u201cincrease conflicts associated with land use and the exploitation of natural resources\u201d. \u201cBrazil\u2019s Indigenous and traditional populations,\u201d the text continues, \u201care the most sensitive to changes in rivers and natural environments and to the arrival of new people around their territories.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In its response for this report, Eletrobras said that the studies \u201care based on secondary data and only present an estimate of the probable human groups affected.\u201d (Full response available here<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company added that there has been \u201cpermanent communication with public and private institutions and the general population of both countries\u201d since the start of the studies. An information centre in Guajar\u00e1-Mirim operated from March 2018 to May 2020, and \u201cfortnightly visits to the communities\u201d and \u201cclarification meetings\u201d were promoted, such as the consultation in August 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flooded rubber plantations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Although the studies foresee \u201cmarginal flooding\u201d in protected sustainable production areas known as \u201cextractive reserves\u201d, local leaders said they had not been approached. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe know that there was a company that set up shop and carried out the study for two years, but at no point did it sit down with us extractivists to talk about what it thought was going to happen to us,\u201d says Ronaldo Lins, president of the Primavera Association, a group representing producers in the Paca\u00e1s Novos River extractive reserve, to the south-east of Guajar\u00e1-Mirim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"winding<\/div>
The Paca\u00e1s Novos River extractive reserve, to the south-east of Guajar\u00e1-Mirim, where around 200 families make a living from rubber and Brazil nut production (Image: Marcela Bonfim \/ Government of the State of Rond\u00f4nia)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The reserve is home to around 200 families who make a living from rubber and Brazil nut production. Born in 1973, Lins used to accompany his father when he was still a child to collect rubber and remembers kindling an early love for the forest. \u201cThere wasn\u2019t much deforestation, there was no fire,\u201d he said of the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The river that gives the reserve its name \u2013 a tributary of the Mamor\u00e9 River that itself flows from the Madeira \u2013 is the producers\u2019 main route to the collection sites and the transport of their produce to the city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf this plant in Ribeir\u00e3o really happens, with these two dams, it will be very worrying for us. We\u2019re totally against it,\u201d added Lins. \u201cThe Paca\u00e1s is the most important river for us to transport our products: rubber, nuts, flour. It\u2019s our road.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, in the 204,000-hectare Ouro Preto River reserve, east of Guajar\u00e1-Mirim, 270 families work collecting Brazil nuts, a\u00e7a\u00ed and rubber, among other small-scale activities, including farming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edvaldo da Costa, president of the Association of Rubber Tappers and Agro-extractivists of the Lower Ouro Preto River, also criticised the project: \u201cWe have a consultation protocol. They know where the traditional population is and how we want to be consulted.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In both reserves, rubber is collected during the dry season, from May to November. When the rains come, from December to March, the producers move to the chestnut groves on firmer ground, and also collect a\u00e7a\u00ed. However, recent flooding has lasted up to two months and shortened the rubber harvest. The prolonged flooding also affects their family farming initiatives. If they remain flooded for too long, rubber and a\u00e7a\u00ed trees are unable to survive, as Lins described in the case of the Jaci-Paran\u00e1 extractive reserve, following the creation of the Jirau and Santo Ant\u00f4nio hydropower plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"white<\/div>
Rubber is collected during the dry season from a tree in an extractive reserve in Rond\u00f4nia. Recent flooding in the region has lasted up to two months and shortened the rubber harvest. (Image: Frank N\u00e9ry \/ Government of the State of Rond\u00f4nia)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey\u2019ve lost a large part of the rubber plantations because the water invaded and took a long time to dry up,\u201d says Lins. \u201cIf we\u2019re already having problems when the water recedes here in July, imagine if they build another plant.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impacts on fishing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Upper Madeira is a region with little human presence, which contributes to a preserved forest and a river with ample aquatic biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe species that are in the Guapor\u00e9 and Mamor\u00e9 rivers are able to fulfil their physiological migration process, there are no dams to stop them,\u201d said biologist Carolina Doria, coordinator of the Ichthyofauna and Fisheries Laboratory at the Federal University of Rond\u00f4nia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The studies for the proposed dams describe potential impacts on aquatic habitats, changes in the dynamics of sediment transport and a reduction in river connectivity, with the formation of barriers to biological flows. Fishers were not mentioned in the studies, nor in the presentation on the official website<\/a> for the binational project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00f4nima Costa was born in the rubber plantations in the interior of Guajar\u00e1-Mirim in 1962, to a family that made their living from rubber and fishing. She said that an overflow of the Mamor\u00e9 River in 2014, caused by the operations of the Jirau hydroelectric plant, left several neighbourhoods underwater and affected the headquarters of the Z-2 community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fishers were compensated by the company that manages Jirau, but Ger\u00f4nima does not want a repeat of the experience: \u201cOur town has become like an island. Water came in everywhere. We have to respect our reserves and Indigenous areas.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fish farming ponds in Bolivia have also collapsed, and fish such as the pirarucu have spread into local rivers, preying on a number of species that are important in both the trade and diets of local residents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Men<\/div>
Men fishing a pirarucu in the Amazon. This fish has spread in the Madeira River, preying on a number of species that are important in both the trade and diets of local residents. (Image: Lalo de Almeida \/ FAO)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Just transition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Multiple interviewees for this report complained that the existing hydroelectric dams on the Madeira River produce electricity for the grid, often destined for beyond Rond\u00f4nia, while in local municipalities energy is expensive and often from dirty and intermittent sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis hydroelectric complex invested in, realised and built in Brazil was made for the national system. It was never designed to supply the Amazonian population,\u201d said Natalie Unterstell. \u201cThis is proof of environmental racism,\u201d she claimed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the Z-2 fishing community headquarters, the monthly energy bill is around 1,000 reais (US$200). At its fish market, which hosts a cold room and ice machine, it\u2019s around 4,000 reais. \u201cThe hydroelectric plants are not for us,\u201d says Ger\u00f4nima Costa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Brazil\u2019s Legal Amazon, the official region comprised of nine Amazonian states, there are 211 isolated electricity systems, those that are not connected to the national system. Around 80% of energy in these systems is estimated to come from diesel-fuelled sources. In 2022, these sites consumed 857,900 cubic metres of diesel oil, producing almost 3 million tonnes of carbon emissions, according to figures from the Ministry of Mines and Energy obtained by via Brazil\u2019s Access to Information Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"people<\/div>
Solar panels to be installed at a school in the Pacaas Novos River extractive reserve are transported by boat, as part of the Brazilian government\u2019s Light for All programme (Image: Milton Castelo \/ Government of the State of Rond\u00f4nia)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the Paca\u00e1s Novos River extractive reserve, each family has its own diesel generator and spends up to 400 reais (US$80) a month to have power for four hours a day. Some of those who have made a profit on their harvests have begun to invest in solar panels, \u201cto have a fridge, to have energy for their own home, to switch on a television,\u201d said Ronaldo Lins.

But that should soon change: producers on extractive reserves hope to be served by the federal government\u2019s Light for All programme<\/a> by March this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some photovoltaic panels have already arrived at the Ouro Preto River reserve. Each consumer pays a monthly fee of 60 reais (US$12), according to Edvaldo da Costa. \u201cThose people who live two or three days away from the city now have their own energy, their own fridge. It\u2019s changed a lot, for the better,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen it comes to food, people used to salt meat to dehydrate it, and now it\u2019s preserved in ice. Even for their own health, it helps a lot. Drinking cold water \u2013 not many people had that privilege. The whole community is happy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This story was first published by <\/em>((o))eco<\/em><\/a>. This version has been translated and lightly edited with permission for an international readership.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Communities have pushed back on a proposed hydropower project between the two countries, decrying dams\u2019 impacts and seeking alternatives in solar<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40000263,"featured_media":50388425,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757,50039902],"tags":[506,17073,554],"hashtags":[],"country":[50002592,50000021],"class_list":["post-50388413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","category-forests","tag-amazon","tag-energy-transition","tag-hydropower","country-bolivia","country-brazil"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBrazil-Bolivia dam reignites debates on power in the Amazon | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Communities have pushed back on a proposed hydropower project between the two countries, decrying dams\u2019 impacts and seeking alternatives in 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