{"id":60017491,"date":"2024-05-08T09:58:07","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T08:58:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60017491"},"modified":"2024-05-14T14:29:07","modified_gmt":"2024-05-14T13:29:07","slug":"what-will-it-take-for-bangladesh-and-india-to-sign-transboundary-river-agreements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/what-will-it-take-for-bangladesh-and-india-to-sign-transboundary-river-agreements\/","title":{"rendered":"What will it take for Bangladesh and India to sign transboundary river agreements?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bangladesh\u2019s ruling party, the Awami League, started<\/a> its fourth consecutive term in government this year with a promise to cooperate with India, Nepal and Bhutan and ensure equitable water sharing. In an election manifesto<\/a> released at the end of 2023, party president and current Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina<\/a> said her government will continue to cooperate<\/a> with neighbouring countries, including on issues of cross-border communication, transit, energy partnerships and equitable water sharing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But experts fear that many issues around transboundary rivers will remain unresolved between both Bangladesh and India. Among those, the much-talked about agreement on water sharing for the Teesta<\/a> river will be at the forefront. Another major challenge for both governments is going to be the renewal of the Ganges water-sharing treaty<\/a> which expires in 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Awami League-led government has been in power since 2009, but has not made any significant progress on transboundary water cooperation with India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sheikh Rokon, a river activist and general secretary of the Dhaka-based think tank Riverine People<\/a> said, \u201cIn the past decade, Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi<\/a> have met at least six times<\/a> and issued joint statements. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has visited Delhi three times and Narendra Modi has visited<\/a> Dhaka twice. During the Covid-19 pandemic, a virtual meeting<\/a> was held between the two premiers. But the issue of the Ganges water-sharing agreement was never on the main agenda.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The birth of the JRC and its 50-year \u2018successes\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The formal mechanism<\/a> for managing the joint rivers was established by the two countries in 1972 through the formation of the Joint River Commission (JRC)<\/a>. The JRC was formed as part of the Indo-Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Peace<\/a> in March 1972 to work for common interests such as irrigation, floods and cyclone control as well as sharing of water resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the rules of procedure<\/a> of the JRC, at least four meetings should be held in a year, which would have meant that 208 should have been held over 52 years, but in reality, only 38 meetings have taken place. The 38th<\/a> JRC ministerial-level meeting in August 2022 was the most recent, and was held after a gap of 12 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite being more than half a century old, the success of the commission has been limited. In the decades of negotiations, the two countries have been able to ink one successful treaty, the one on sharing Ganges river water<\/a> in December 1996, a milestone that eased tensions between the neighbours and paved the way for greater collaboration on transboundary issues. That treaty is set to expire in two years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The negotiation on the sharing of the Teesta river water started in 1983<\/a> with a short-term agreement<\/a>. In 2011, an interim agreement<\/a> for 15 years was ready to be signed by both the countries on the Teesta. But the deal was shelved<\/a> as the West Bengal Chief Minister Mamta Banerjee opposed it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

JRC member Mohammad Abul Hossen said that though the committee fulfilled its role as a technical committee and drafted working agreements for water secretaries of both countries to review, a lack of consensus between both sides on the Teesta meant that attempts at formalising a treaty failed in 1997, 1999 and 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eminent water expert Ainun Nishat, who was a JRC member during signing the Ganges water-sharing agreement, explained that the JRC’s initiatives and decisions cannot be implemented unless there is political consensus.\u00a0Nishat cited the series of meetings and attempts that led to the failed Teesta agreement when Banerjee opposed signing in 2011, adding \u201cSince then, the JRC Bangladesh chapter has been following up with Indian counterparts for the signing of the agreement. But nothing has happened so far.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Building political consensus on water-sharing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Bangladesh government appears serious about resolving outstanding river issues with India. Post-elections<\/a>, Indian High Commissioner Prannoy Verma was the first foreign envoy to meet the new foreign minister Hasan Mahmud. After the meeting, the foreign minister said the meeting<\/a> touched on the Ganga water-sharing agreement as well as the Teesta, but suggested that any progress on the latter had to await the outcome of India\u2019s ongoing general elections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking to The Third Pole, Himanshu Thakkar from the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People explained that there are several factors that make this negotiation complex. \u201cIn any water agreement, there’s an upstream and downstream dynamic. The upstream country often sees no direct reason to enter into an agreement, as it doesn’t immediately face consequences unless compelled by other factors. For example, if two countries are closely tied economically through trade and other ventures, it’s easier to negotiate agreements,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He gave the example of Bhutan, which is upstream of India, and yet \u2013 because of their close relations \u2013 managing water has been easier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cConsidering the cultural proximity and historical context [between India and Bangladesh as well], an agreement should have been established by now,\u201d Thakkar added, while noting that this had not speeded up negotiations. \u201cEven the Ganga treaty took 25 years to materialise after the birth of Bangladesh in 1971.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultimately, Thakkar said India’s position as an upstream country concerning most of the 54 rivers it shares with Bangladesh means it lacks domestic pressure to enter such agreements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One way that cooperation could be increased, Thakkar felt, was through a wider river basin perspective. \u201cFor example,\u201d he said, \u201cWhen China\u2019s infrastructure projects like dams on the Brahmaputra, affect the region\u2026 India protests such developments, Bangladesh \u2013 though also a downstream country [on the Brahmaputra in relation to China] often doesn\u2019t voice concerns, perhaps due to geopolitical factors.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the case of Banerjee, he added, \u201cIf West Bengal were to engage in such a treaty, it would be at some cost, which can lead to political backlash. Therefore, Bangladesh must work to foster the right atmosphere for West Bengal to agree to the Teesta agreement.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDespite the strong ties between West Bengal and Bangladesh, navigating the political landscape remains challenging for both parties. Timing and circumstances are crucial for progress in such agreements.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nishat draws attention to the success of drafting agreements for the Ganga and the Indus (The Indus Waters Treaty). \u201cWe have two successful water-sharing agreements, but in both cases, the scenario is different. For the Indus treaty, the World Bank played a vital role and there was an arbitration process which led the two countries to sign the treaty. But in the case of the JRC, there is nothing in the middle like the World Bank. It is completely dependent on political consensus. Therefore, the JRC will not be able to meet its mandate unless our political consensus is there.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bangladesh and India need to talk about sharing water on two major rivers, the Teesta and Ganges. But experts on both sides say much depends on political consensus and the right atmosphere for negotiations <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2908,"featured_media":60017514,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039903],"tags":[569,587,50040707],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000116,20000111],"class_list":["post-60017491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water","tag-negotiations","tag-rivers","tag-the-third-pole","country-bangladesh","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat will it take for Bangladesh and India to sign transboundary river agreements?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bangladesh and India need to talk about sharing water on two major rivers, the Teesta and Ganges. 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