{"id":60019135,"date":"2024-05-17T11:05:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-17T10:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60019135"},"modified":"2024-06-14T21:57:37","modified_gmt":"2024-06-14T20:57:37","slug":"brazil-china-at-50-green-goals-trade-realities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/brazil-china-at-50-green-goals-trade-realities\/","title":{"rendered":"Brazil and China at 50: Green goals and trade realities"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>On the cusp of the 50-year milestone, diplomatic relations between Brazil and China look to be full of promise, though a positive feeling seems yet to translate into many concrete benefits for the environment.<em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During a 2023 visit to Beijing by the Brazilian president, Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva, the two countries <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/367582-lula-visits-china-four-outcomes-for-the-environment\/\">set out ambitious goals<\/a> for their future partnership, with a joint <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/mma\/pt-br\/assuntos\/noticias\/declaracao-conjunta-brasil-china-sobre-combate-as-mudancas-climaticas#:~:text=O%20Brasil%20e%20a%20China,sem%20deixar%20ningu%C3%A9m%20para%20tr%C3%A1s.\">declaration<\/a> pledging \u201cto broaden, deepen and diversify\u201d bilateral cooperation on climate issues, in areas such as renewable energy, electric mobility and green finance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, few partnerships have so far taken shape. Notwithstanding the <a href=\"https:\/\/g1.globo.com\/sp\/vale-do-paraiba-regiao\/noticia\/2023\/04\/14\/cbers-6-novo-satelite-de-parceria-entre-brasil-e-china-deve-custar-mais-de-100-milhoes-de-dolares-e-entrar-em-orbita-em-2028.ghtml\">construction<\/a> of a new China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) to monitor the Amazon, which is still <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/inpe\/pt-br\/assuntos\/ultimas-noticias\/delegacao-chinesa-visita-o-inpe\">underway<\/a>, and projects taking place at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sda.ce.gov.br\/2023\/07\/13\/sda-participa-de-missao-sino-brasileira-que-trata-de-mecanizacao-agricola-no-rn\/\">state<\/a> level, there have been no joint environmental announcements since 2023. Political goodwill aside, no binding commitments have been made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the same time, challenges related to the countries\u2019 trade persist. Brazil is under pressure to eliminate illegal deforestation, driven by cattle ranching, mining and agriculture, while China seeks to secure supplies of raw materials from abroad: the South American country continues to be a <a href=\"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/profile\/bilateral-country\/bra\/partner\/chn\">key supplier<\/a> of commodities to China \u2013 its largest trading partner \u2013 and imports its higher-value-added products in return.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the countries have begun to mark the 50th anniversary, China has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clbrief.com\/deepening-of-china-brazil-strategic-partnership-at-50th-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations\/\">sought to highlight<\/a> the role it has played in supporting socio-economic development in Brazil, through its trade and investments. Brazil, meanwhile, continues to <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/392147-what-state-grid-new-power-line-means-for-brazil-energy-transition\/\">welcome new investments from Chinese companies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/17975161\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:550px;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/17975161\/?utm_source=embed&amp;utm_campaign=visualisation\/17975161\"><\/a>Dialogue Earth spoke with analysts in Brazil for insight and perspectives from the country on five decades of bilateral ties with China, on the two nations\u2019 environmental relations and future opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIn the last 70 or 80 years, both have undergone processes of profound development, from agrarian to urban societies, at very high environmental costs,\u201d says the political scientist and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.springerprofessional.de\/en\/brazil-china-relations-in-the-21st-century\/20240816\">author<\/a> Maur\u00edcio Santoro. \u201cThis happened through Chinese socialism and Brazilian capitalism, and now both must deal with past choices as they aim for sustainable development.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-to-1992-development-at-all-costs\">To 1992: Development at all costs?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In one of the earliest encounters between the two countries, in 1843, Brazil <a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.ufpe.br\/bitstream\/123456789\/10389\/1\/disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Diogo%20Moura%20corrigida.pdf\">opened<\/a> a consulate in Canton \u2013 modern-day Guangzhou \u2013 in southern China, in an unsuccessful attempt to import Chinese labour. It would take another 131 years for diplomatic relations to really take flight between the two countries, when Bras\u00edlia formally recognised the government of the People\u2019s Republic of China on 15 August 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Santoro, at the time, each nation saw the other as a developing country, similarly critical of the global north and in search of more autonomy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The environmental diplomatic breakthrough was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/conferences\/environment\/stockholm1972\">cultivated<\/a> two years earlier, at 1972\u2019s inaugural UN Conference on the Human Environmentin Stockholm, Sweden. It marked the <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/stockholm-1972-first-global-environment-conference-shape-of-things-to-come\/\">first major meeting<\/a> of heads of state convened by the UN to deal with environmental issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the conference, Brazil and China found common ground: \u201cIn Stockholm, together with China, Brazil led the alliance of peripheral countries <a href=\"https:\/\/oglobo.globo.com\/epoca\/sociedade\/reputacao-ambiental-em-chamas-23915426\">opposed<\/a> to discussing environmental problems,\u201d says Eduardo Viola, a professor of international relations at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo and the Getulio Vargas Foundation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Viola, this stance aligned with the development model of Brazil\u2019s military government (1964-1985), which pursued unbridled natural resource extraction, highly polluting industries and the intense exploitation of cheap, unskilled labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Brazilian government also recognised China\u2019s shared interest in advancing its development. \u201cThe environmental issue was perceived as an obstacle that developed countries wanted to impose on underdeveloped countries,\u201d says Santoro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/UN-conference-environment-development-Rio-1992_T-Prendergast_UN-Photo_UN7565845.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/UN-conference-environment-development-Rio-1992_T-Prendergast_UN-Photo_UN7565845-768x499.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/UN-conference-environment-development-Rio-1992_T-Prendergast_UN-Photo_UN7565845-1024x666.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/UN-conference-environment-development-Rio-1992_T-Prendergast_UN-Photo_UN7565845.jpg 1200w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 1200px\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Rio Centre hall during the UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. At the time, Brazil took a more active stance on mitigating climate change, although it continued to reject mandatory targets. (Image: UN Photo \/ T Prendergast)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/UN-conference-environment-development-Rio-1992_T-Prendergast_UN-Photo_UN7565845.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"232 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"780\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"1200\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This apparent rejection of environmental responsibilities was to last for decades. In Brazil, a change in stance began once democracy was officially re-established in 1988. At the 1992 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/conferences\/environment\/rio1992\">UN Conference on Environment and Development<\/a> in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil presented a more progressive attitude than during its years of the military dictatorship, though it continued to reject mandatory targets for climate change mitigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brazil \u201cdefended a radical interpretation of the principle of \u2018common but differentiated responsibilities\u2019,\u201d says Viola, referencing the notion that while all countries should fight climate change, developed nations should foot the bill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In China\u2019s case, this reticence on climate change would take a while to dislodge, according to Viola: \u201cIn those years, Brazil\u2019s discourse was much more pro-climate. China\u2019s discourse was not at all concerned with the issue.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The 2000s: Commodities boom<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Trade between China and Brazil continued to advance slowly through to 2000 when, according to Brazilian foreign trade data, the value of annual trade stood at USD 2.3 billion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the following decade, in Brazil and across Latin America, huge increases were seen in trade with and investment from Chinese companies, amid growing demand for raw materials from the Asian country as it looked to support its rapid economic growth \u2013 a period that became known as the \u201ccommodities boom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2009, China had <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjw3ouz7t2EAxX6lZUCHSP0AuYQFnoECA0QAw&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metropoles.com%2Fbrasil%2Feconomia-br%2Fchina-virou-maior-parceira-comercial-do-brasil-ainda-no-governo-lula-ii-veja-numeros%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEstrat%25C3%25A9gica%2520para%2520a%2520pol%25C3%25ADtica%2520internacional%2C50%2520anos%2520de%2520rela%25C3%25A7%25C3%25B5es%2520diplom%25C3%25A1ticas.&amp;usg=AOvVaw31FYXPeFYkuD0zq_VPlv5j&amp;opi=89978449\">become<\/a> Brazil\u2019s main trading partner and was responsible for a large chunk of its trade surplus. By 2010, the value of annual trade had reached USD 56.3 billion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/17978821\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:65vh;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>Chinese demand has been <a href=\"https:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/889b2f43-3a5d-413e-b107-cf2cc309b682\/content\">a factor<\/a> in driving up the price of many commodities, which has been welcomed in Latin America. \u201cIt\u2019s a mutually beneficial relationship,\u201d says Raquel Patr\u00edcio, an international relations professor and Brazil-China diplomacy expert at the University of Lisbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this long-established trade pattern has created something of an imbalance. \u201cWe basically export primary products, while China exports more high-tech products to Brazil \u2013 sometimes adding value [to Brazilian products] and returning them here,\u201d explains Thais Diniz Oliveira, who researches sustainable global trade at Cornell University in the US.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Oliveira, the increase in domestic and international demand for commodities such as oil, ore, meat and grains has also been an obstacle for Brazil\u2019s renewable energy transition. She says that it has also become an unsustainable burden for sensitive biomes, and Brazilian communities trying to live in traditional ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"50384534\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Although most of the beef produced in Brazil is for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pastoextraordinario.com.br\/carne-bovina-mercado-interno-versus-mercado-externo.html\">domestic<\/a> market, Brazilian beef exports are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canalrural.com.br\/pecuaria\/boi\/exportacao-brasileira-de-carne-bovina-cresce-52-em-fevereiro-aponta-abrafrigo\/\">increasing<\/a>, and China is its biggest buyer. In 2022, the size of Brazil\u2019s cattle herd hit a record high of 234.4 million cows, compared to a human population of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\">203 million<\/a>. The largest herds are in municipalities of the Amazon or the Pantanal, such as S\u00e3o F\u00e9lix do Xingu in the northern state of Par\u00e1, and Corumb\u00e1 in Mato Grosso do Sul.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike beef, more than half of the soy produced in Brazil between 2000 and 2020 was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.embrapa.br\/visao-de-futuro\/trajetoria-do-agro\/impactos-socioeconomicos-do-desenvolvimento-do-agro\/abastecimento-interno\">destined<\/a> for foreign markets; in 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/globorural.globo.com\/agricultura\/soja\/noticia\/2024\/01\/brasil-depende-cada-vez-mais-da-china-nas-exportacoes-de-graos.ghtml\">75%<\/a> of Brazilian soy exports went to China. A 2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/forests\/361489-opinion-chinas-cooperation-fighting-environmental-crime-in-the-amazon\/\">study<\/a> by Plataforma CIP\u00d3, a Rio de Janeiro-based climate and governance research institute, suggested that this rise in exports of primary products from Brazil to China may have accelerated Amazon deforestation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBehind meat production in Brazil, there is deforestation,\u201d says Oliveira. She adds: \u201cWe can\u2019t attribute the problem of deforestation of soy and meat to China alone, but even so, it\u2019s a major importer.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"50361578\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>China has also invested in Brazilian infrastructure to facilitate agricultural production and trade flows, with an eye on its own food security. One such initiative is <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/49664-brazil-porto-sul-megaport-advances\/\">the so-called Fiol railway<\/a>, planned to link northern Brazil\u2019s Figueir\u00f3polis with a port terminal in the coastal city of Ilh\u00e9us; the state-owned China Railway is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.czapp.com\/pt\/analyst-insights\/china-investe-em-infraestrutura-no-brasil-de-olho-em-seguranca-alimentar\/\">involved<\/a> in its construction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The project has proven <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/49664-brazil-porto-sul-megaport-advances\/\">controversial with traditional communities<\/a> who live in its vicinity, who report extensive environmental damage, and fear threats to local water sources and fishing industries. Chinese companies have, however, previously withdrawn from involvement in the port project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-2010s-new-climate-diplomacy\">The 2010s: New climate diplomacy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While bilateral trade between Brazil and China has been growing, so too have efforts to stem greenhouse gas emissions, prompting a proliferation of national commitments across the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eduardo Viola considers the COP15 climate change conference, <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/copenhagen-to-paris-china-climate-governance-journey\/\">held in Copenhagen in 2009<\/a>, to be the \u201cmoment of great differentiation\u201d between China and Brazil: Brazil presented a voluntary commitment to reduce emissions, while \u201cChina considered it unthinkable to agree to a peak in emissions\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the weeks leading up to COP15, Brazil\u2019s then-environment minister Carlos Minc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/mma\/pt-br\/noticias\/position-of-the-us-and-china-for-cop15-frustrates-brazilian-minister\">issued<\/a> a statement expressing his frustration with China and the United States, both having refused to commit to numerical targets. The negotiations at COP15 proved difficult and ended with neither China or the US having presented clear climate action targets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Copenhagen summit, Brazil and China formed the BASIC bloc with India and South Africa. Izabella Teixeira, who became Brazil\u2019s environment minister in 2010, said the bloc became \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/47813-cop26-brazil-plans-experts-unconvinced\/\">an important space of interlocution<\/a>\u201d in the years that followed, helping the countries to bring their positions closer together. Brazil later put forward voluntary emissions-reduction targets, which strengthened its hand and won the country praise for helping to break negotiation deadlocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ban-ki-Moon-Xi-Jinping-Barack-Obama-handshake_Eskinder-Debebe_UN-photo.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ban-ki-Moon-Xi-Jinping-Barack-Obama-handshake_Eskinder-Debebe_UN-photo-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ban-ki-Moon-Xi-Jinping-Barack-Obama-handshake_Eskinder-Debebe_UN-photo-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ban-ki-Moon-Xi-Jinping-Barack-Obama-handshake_Eskinder-Debebe_UN-photo.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">At the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (left) celebrates with the US President Barack Obama and China\u2019s President Xi Jinping. The treaty marked a turning point in China&#8217;s green policies. (Image: <a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/Q3YpCf\">Eskinder Debebe<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/people\/un_photo\">UN Photo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Ban-ki-Moon-Xi-Jinping-Barack-Obama-handshake_Eskinder-Debebe_UN-photo.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"1 MB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1704\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A global agreement was eventually achieved at COP21 in Paris during 2015: the milestone <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/pt-br\/mudanca-climatica-e-energia-pt-br\/4583-acordo-de-paris-traz-esperanca-a-luta-contra-as-mudancas-climaticas\/\">Paris Agreement<\/a> formalised the goal of cutting greenhouse gas emissions to limit the average global temperature rise to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. At COP21, the Chinese government displayed a <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/pollution\/8497-china-s-environment-in-2-15-a-year-in-review\/\">growing determination to make progress<\/a> on mitigating climate change. \u201cThey realised that if they didn\u2019t enter into this discussion in a more constructive way, there would never be an agreement,\u201d says Santoro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China had also began to ramp up its investments in new green technologies. Now, it is the world\u2019s largest producer and consumer of renewable energy, with production growing by an average of <a href=\"https:\/\/interactive.carbonbrief.org\/the-carbon-brief-profile-china\/\">26%<\/a> every year between 2010 and 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China now also plays a <a href=\"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/en\/business\/new-three-china-solar-cell-lithium-battery-ev\/\">dominant role<\/a> in global supply chains for a range of low-carbon technologies, from the manufacture of solar panels and wind turbines to electric vehicles and lithium batteries. \u201cChina has become a technological and scientific benchmark in the decarbonisation process,\u201d says Santoro, \u201cwith Brazil lagging behind.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-2020s-are-new-ways-of-cooperation-possible\">The 2020s: Are new ways of cooperation possible?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>From 2019, diplomatic relations between the two nations entered a more turbulent period after Jair Bolsonaro took power in Brazil, as the country\u2019s first leader take an <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/uncategorized\/34448-the-bolsonaros-relationship-with-china-coronavirus\/\">openly anti-China stance<\/a>. Despite regular frictions during his four-year term, their <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/57418-what-brazils-elections-could-mean-for-relations-with-china\/\">strong commercial interdependence<\/a> meant business continued to thrive, even as tensions rose during the emergence of Covid-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A more amicable atmosphere resumed in 2023, with Lula\u2019s return as Brazil\u2019s president. His administration has sought to pursue a more sustainable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cartacapital.com.br\/economia\/entenda-o-novo-plano-do-governo-lula-para-impulsionar-industrias-nacionais\/\">reindustrialisation<\/a>, to recover from the <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/uncategorized\/57867-amazon-presidential-elections-motivated-race-for-forest-destruction\/\">environmental setbacks during the Bolsonaro<\/a> years, and to advance the country\u2019s energy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/mme\/pt-br\/assuntos\/noticias\/201cbrasil-vai-liderar-a-transicao-energetica201d-diz-presidente-lula-na-abertura-da-cop-28\">transition<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--wide\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Bolsonaro-BRICS-summit-2019_Isac-Nobrega_Palacio-do-Planalto.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Bolsonaro-BRICS-summit-2019_Isac-Nobrega_Palacio-do-Planalto-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Bolsonaro-BRICS-summit-2019_Isac-Nobrega_Palacio-do-Planalto-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Bolsonaro-BRICS-summit-2019_Isac-Nobrega_Palacio-do-Planalto.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Former President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro listens to Xi Jinping&#8217;s speech at the 11th BRICS Summit, 2019. Bolsonaro\u2019s rise to power undermined Brazilian diplomatic ties due to his anti-China rhetoric. (Image: <a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/2hKJDZa\">Isac N\u00f3brega<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/2otbMLo\">Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Bolsonaro-BRICS-summit-2019_Isac-Nobrega_Palacio-do-Planalto.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"782 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>It is in this context that new opportunities for bilateral cooperation have arisen. \u201cThe Brazilian government has set sustainability priorities and there is a door for China to step through, either via direct investment or technology transfer,\u201d says Jo\u00e3o Cumar\u00fa, a researcher at Plataforma CIP\u00d3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumar\u00fa sees four particularly promising areas for climate cooperation: strengthening biodiversity conservation policies; incorporating Chinese forestry experience and policy approaches to <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogochino.net\/pt-br\/agricultura-pt-br\/378612-brasil-alavancar-recuperacao-terras-degradadas\/\">recover degraded areas<\/a>; cultivating greater Chinese participation in Brazilian energy policy; and increasing cooperation on climate policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China could also follow the lead of the European Union by demanding cleaner supply chains for its imports, says Cumar\u00fa. The EU recently <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32023R1115&amp;qid=1688502379703\">passed legislation<\/a> to ban the purchase of commodities associated with deforestation and human rights violations \u2013 though this has <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/forests\/374430-eu-deforestation-law-major-test-for-south-america-farmers\/\">encountered opposition<\/a> from the agricultural sector in South America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">China wants to build a multipolar world, and a strong Brazil is in its interest<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\">Ana Tereza Lopes Marra de Sousa, professor at S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s Federal University of ABC<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Cumar\u00fa acknowledges that such interventions would clash with China\u2019s usual foreign policy: \u201cChina\u2019s diplomatic practice of non-interference prevents it from making this demand \u2013 unlike the European Union, which does so directly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In geopolitical terms, China \u201cwants to build a multipolar world, and a strong Brazil is in its interest,\u201d says Ana Tereza Lopes Marra de Sousa, an international relations professor at S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s Federal University of ABC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marra de Sousa says the Brazilian government, for its part, would like China to transfer more of its green technology, but adds that Chinese companies may not readily release such assets. For this reason, she advocates for joint technological development \u2013 in the vein of the two countries\u2019 pioneering satellite projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1988, a Brazil-China agreement enabled one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibrachina.com.br\/programa-espacial-brasil-china-e-o-projeto-de-cooperacao-mais-longevo-do-mundo\/\">longest-running<\/a> bilateral cooperation projects in the world: the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS), used to monitor the Amazon. Since then, six satellites have been launched and two are still in operation. The seventh, CBERS-6, is <a href=\"https:\/\/g1.globo.com\/sp\/vale-do-paraiba-regiao\/noticia\/2023\/04\/14\/cbers-6-novo-satelite-de-parceria-entre-brasil-e-china-deve-custar-mais-de-100-milhoes-de-dolares-e-entrar-em-orbita-em-2028.ghtml\">scheduled<\/a> to go into orbit in 2028, and its estimated USD 100 million price tag will be split equally between both nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The CBERS project was initially created as a scientific knowledge exchange, but ultimately became central to combating the deforestation of Brazilian biomes. \u201cIt\u2019s a pioneering programme,\u201d says Santoro, \u201cand to this day an important model for scientific and technological development between countries of the global south.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the two nations mark half a century of diplomatic ties in 2024, Brazilian analysts discuss the future of the relationship and prospects for the environment<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000145,"featured_media":60019152,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[50040720,50042156,20000237,600],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021,20000110],"class_list":["post-60019135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-geopolitics","tag-overseas-investment","tag-sustainable-development","tag-trade","country-brazil","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Brazil and China at 50: Green goals and trade realities<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As the nations mark 50 years of diplomatic ties, Brazilian analysts discuss the future of the relationship and prospects for the environment\" 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