{"id":60034942,"date":"2024-06-05T12:13:35","date_gmt":"2024-06-05T11:13:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60034942"},"modified":"2024-06-10T10:42:36","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T09:42:36","slug":"chile-gambles-on-green-hydrogen-in-the-far-south","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/chile-gambles-on-green-hydrogen-in-the-far-south\/","title":{"rendered":"Chile gambles on green hydrogen in the far south"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Chilean government has set out ambitious plans and targets to develop green hydrogen, and to grow an industry it believes holds much promise for the country. Chile has some of the best<\/a> natural conditions in the world for the renewable energy needed to produce the gas, and the government says that pursuing the fuel would help put the country on the path to decarbonisation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These advantages have been enthusiastically promoted, but local organisations say a lack of information around these plans \u2013 and the speed with which they are progressing \u2013 is concerning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In May, Chilean president Gabriel Boric\u2019s administration introduced<\/a> the Green Hydrogen Action Plan, following a consultation with a committee of experts. This set of 80 measures is designed to establish social and environmental safeguards as the industry scales up, building upon the plans<\/a> that Chile\u2019s former president, Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era, laid out during his second term (2018\u20132022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chile has three main goals<\/a> for its hydrogen industry: to produce the world\u2019s cheapest green hydrogen by 2030; to be among the top three exporting countries by 2040; and, by 2025, to have 5 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity dedicated to electrolysis, the process of splitting water with electricity that is used to create \u201cgreen\u201d hydrogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is green hydrogen?<\/span>
\n

Demand for hydrogen is increasing because it does not produce greenhouse gases when burned.

\u26aa\ufe0f However, fossil fuels are typically used to produce the hydrogen in the first place. This is known as \u201cgrey\u201d hydrogen.

\ud83d\udd35 \u201cBlue\u201d hydrogen is also produced using fossil fuels but alongside carbon capture and storage technology, which stops the resulting greenhouse gas emissions from reaching the atmosphere.

\ud83d\udfe2 Hydrogen can only be classified as \u201cgreen\u201d if it was produced entirely using renewable energy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A 2020 study<\/a> commissioned by the government said green hydrogen development should create at least 94,000 jobs by 2050. During May\u2019s presentation of the Green Hydrogen Action Plan, President Boric said: \u201cWe want to position ourselves as one of the most competitive producers in the world, being a leading exporter by 2040.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the government and the industry, a significant part of that potential lies in the southern region of Magallanes. Its wind energy could be harnessed to produce as much as 13%<\/a> of the world\u2019s green hydrogen, according to a study by the Chilean energy ministry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Association of Green Hydrogen Producers of Magallanes (H2V Magallanes) reports that investments in nine<\/a> projects have been so far established in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A green hydrogen race<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The economy of Magallanes is currently driven by cattle ranching, the fossil fuel industry, tourism and fish farming. However, its location as the southernmost region of Chile, and one of the least populated, could be ideal for green hydrogen development: the latest census<\/a>, from 2017, registered 166,533 inhabitants across its generous surface area of 132,297 square kilometres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anah\u00ed Urquiza, a doctor in natural sciences and member of the Green Hydrogen Action Plan\u2019s strategic committee<\/a>, explains the appeal of Magallanes: \u201cThese are places that have a very good quality of renewable energy potential, but also large territories available to install wind farms or solar panels.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth spoke to Ana Mar\u00eda Ruz, the executive director of the Green Hydrogen Industry Development Committee, an initiative of the government\u2019s Production Development Corporation (Corfo<\/a>). Ruz echoes Urquiza: \u201cThere is an extensive territory available, most of it far from the most relevant urban centres\u2026 Winds in Magallanes show [capacity] factors \u2013 that is, the percentage of time the plant is generating energy \u2013 close to 60%, which is even higher than [Europe\u2019s] North Sea parks.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"people<\/div>
The first bus powered by green hydrogen in Chile, inaugurated in 2023. Hydrogen can be combined with carbon dioxide to produce synthetic methanol, which is the basis for e-fuels. (Image: Agust\u00edn Fern\u00e1ndez<\/a> \/ Ministerio de Econom\u00eda de Chile<\/a>, CC BY-NC-ND<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In order to meet the region\u2019s green hydrogen capacity goals, authorities are planning to convert the Gregorio Maritime Terminal \u2013 the southernmost<\/a> crude oil refinery in the world. Chile\u2019s National Petroleum Company (ENAP) and six international energy companies signed<\/a> a deal for the project in 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another project earmarked for San Gregorio is the Haru Oni<\/a> plant, which would be run by the energy company Highly Innovative Fuels. Harnessing the Strait of Magellan\u2019s consistent strong winds via turbines, this energy would power the electrolysers that split water into its components: oxygen and hydrogen. This green hydrogen would then be combined with carbon dioxide to produce synthetic methanol, which is the basis for electrofuels, or e-fuels. (E-diesel, for example, can be used for transport.) Currently in its pilot phase, Haru Oni could be among the first operational e-fuel plants in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Companies from Spain, Belgium, Italy, the United States and China are interested in setting up production plants in Chile, according to Corfo. In October 2023, President Boric made a state<\/a> visit to China during the Third Belt and Road Forum<\/a>, during which technology and innovation exchanges were a prominent topic. The Chilean delegation included<\/a> the general manager of H2V Magallanes, Mar\u00eda Isabel Mu\u00f1oz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first country that achieves mass production and closes a contract with another country is the one that will secure the market<\/blockquote>Paulina Ram\u00edrez, researcher at the University of Chile’s Energy Centre<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth consulted Paulina Ram\u00edrez, a researcher at the University of Chile’s Energy Centre who also works on projects associated with the green hydrogen action plan. She stresses the importance of the country becoming a pioneer in the nascent industry: \u201cThis is an opportunity to take advantage at a time when the competition is still being established.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Part of the green hydrogen challenge, explains Ram\u00edrez, is adapting and developing the necessary infrastructure and equipment. \u201cIn Chile, we have the opportunity to host the entire value chain in-house,\u201d she adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like any gamble, Chile\u2019s green hydrogen plans involve risk: success will depend not only on domestic progress, but also global demand trends. But Ram\u00edrez believes early action will be rewarded. \u201cThe first country that achieves mass production and closes a contract with another country is the one that will secure the market,\u201d she says. \u201cIn the end, it is a competition.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A new \u2018sacrifice zone\u2019?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Though green hydrogen developments are arriving thick and fast in Magallanes, they are building in tandem with environmental concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Gregorio Maritime Terminal takes its name from the bay and wetlands of San Gregorio of the Strait of Magellan\u2019s northern coast, an area of immense biodiversity<\/a>. The area\u2019s tidal characteristics and freshwater wetlands make it rich in algae and attractive<\/a> to a diverse range of birds, including the endangered red canqu\u00e9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local civil society organisations, scientists and experts are concerned that while the dominant narrative surrounding green hydrogen underscores its displacement of fossil fuels, producing it at scale could require large tracts of land and may see ecosystems sacrificed<\/a> \u2013 something they point as being not quite so \u201cgreen\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Such sacrifices in the name of industry have already been made in Chile, including at Quintero-Puchuncav\u00ed Bay in the central region of Valpara\u00edso. Its industrialisation<\/a> began in the 1960s, bringing thermoelectricity, chemical, and oil production to the area. The subsequent pollution has directly affected the health of local inhabitants<\/a> and their ecosystems, and seen such areas dubbed as \u201csacrifice zones\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The role of water in green hydrogen production has been another source of concern, with the regions of Chile that have been earmarked for green hydrogen development lacking the requisite fresh water supplies. This has prompted strategies involving salt water treatment to be planned<\/a> for several projects. According to a recent report<\/a> by International PtX Hub, a green hydrogen initiative from the government of Germany, Chile\u2019s green hydrogen industry will consume 107 million cubic metres of desalinated water annually by 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDesalination plants also have a big impact,\u201d explains Urquiza. \u201cEspecially if designed on a large scale, as in the case of Magallanes. It would undoubtedly have a tremendous environmental and social impact, because it means transforming a region where you have to build large ports, increase traffic, and generate a large migration of workers to these territories.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Urquiza warns green hydrogen should not be seen as a \u201csilver bullet\u201d, rather an alternative that requires exploration; if green hydrogen generation is not developed to be sustainable, this emerging industry will thwart its own environmentally positive aims, she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Community interventions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe truth is that the green hydrogen industry is already established in the Magallanes region,\u201d says marine biologist Gabriela Garrido, who is also a part of the Citizen\u2019s Panel on Hydrogen in Magallanes, a region-wide network<\/a> of environmental and scientific organisations. Garrido is concerned that there are already companies advancing with projects in the region. She claims they have been gathering information and carrying out monitoring for the past three years, regardless of whether these projects are ultimately approved by the state\u2019s environmental assessment service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"line<\/div>
Solar panels on the road between Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales, southern Chile. The Magallanes region has been targeted for its expansive area and great potential for renewable energy, but environmentalists fear it could be turned into a \u2018sacrifice zone\u2019. (Image: Ashley Cooper \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2023, a coalition of regional and national organisations signed an open letter<\/a> to the government, imploring President Boric not to create a new \u201csacrifice zone\u201d in Magallanes. The letter identifies and rejects \u201cthe way in which the government and private companies are promoting the development of the \u2018green\u2019 hydrogen industry throughout the country, with the case of the Magallanes Region and the Chilean Antarctic being of extreme concern.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Garrido claims the industry \u201cis already putting pressure on the territory in social, media and political terms, and also intervening in localities and communes that are extremely vulnerable, where it is very easy to arrive with a briefcase full of hope and money.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This pressure has translated into the presence of professionals sent by companies already installed in Magallanes, Garrido claims, adding that they are attempting to exert influence in various areas: neighbourhood councils, cultural committees, offering gifts to schools such as greenhouses, as well as through talks and other types of services. \u201cThey intervene in the social fabric,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They are intervening in areas that are extremely vulnerable, where it is easy to arrive with a briefcase full of hope and money<\/blockquote>Gabriela Garrido, member of the Citizen\u2019s Panel on Hydrogen in Magallanes<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Citizen\u2019s Panel on Hydrogen in Magallanes is concerned about such interventions in these isolated communities, which Garrido says are typically neglected by state and regional authorities; the possibility of jobs and investments in local public services is inevitably welcomed. \u201cThey are communes that have deficiencies in terms of electricity, sewage, internet connection, education and health,\u201d she explains. \u201cWhen you come with these promises, it is very easy to charm.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The companies represented by the Magallanes hydrogen association did not respond to questions posed by Dialogue Earth. Ana Mar\u00eda Ruiz from Corfo said that the Green Hydrogen Action Plan included a wide public participation from people in Magallanes and that not everyone there is against the industry. She said the industry is developing in a \u201cplanned and orderly\u201d way and taking into consideration social and environmental aspects, adding local value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Urquiza recognises that Chile\u2019s green hydrogen ambitions are built upon uncertainties and relies on underdeveloped technologies: \u201cThere are several problems that have not been solved in order to lower the costs of energy production, so that it is viable and can effectively have an impact on the energy transition in different sectors.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Garrido echoes these technical concerns: \u201cThe problem has to do with the fact that this way of attacking the decarbonisation of the energy mix is not yet technologically viable.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to its Green Hydrogen Action Plan, the Chilean government will establish<\/a> the necessary social, environmental and labour standards for the industry by 2026. Before his term finishes at the end of 2025, President Boric expects to have confirmed between 10 and 12 green hydrogen projects for the country.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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