{"id":60036500,"date":"2024-06-12T16:44:29","date_gmt":"2024-06-12T15:44:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60036500"},"modified":"2024-06-19T08:54:25","modified_gmt":"2024-06-19T07:54:25","slug":"el-nino-triggers-food-crisis-in-southern-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/food\/el-nino-triggers-food-crisis-in-southern-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"El Ni\u00f1o triggers food crisis in Southern Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The first three months of 2024 were not kind to farmers in Southern Africa. Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe all experienced an unusually<\/a> dry February and one of the leanest rainy seasons in decades. As crops died in the fields, a food crisis loomed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Felix Phikamiso, a farmer from the Ngabu traditional authority in south of Malawi, told Dialogue Earth the sun had scorched his entire maize field, and he arrival of rain in mid-March could not save the crop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLast year, we did not harvest because most of our gardens were washed away by Cyclone Freddy induced floods,\u201d says Phikamiso. \u201cI don\u2019t think replanting this time will yield something.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Meanwhile, to the north-west, in Zambia\u2019s Eastern province, Janet Mwale watched helplessly as the maize she grew in the village of Chipwaira wilted and succumbed. Applying top dressing and basal fertilisers was not enough. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t know how we will feed ourselves because we only rely on farming,\u201d she tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cThe dry spell has put us in a tight corner.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A regional tragedy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The brutal drought has been brought on primarily by El Ni\u00f1o. This natural, recurring weather phenomenon raises surface temperatures across parts of the Pacific Ocean. These warmer patches impact weather patterns globally, including by lowering rain levels in Southern Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a<\/span>
\n

El Ni\u00f1o is a climate pattern in which the surface water of the east-central tropical Pacific Ocean warms to significantly above average. This affects rainfall patterns and weather across the world, raising temperatures globally for its duration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El Ni\u00f1o is part of a phenomenon called the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Ni\u00f1o events do not occur on a regular schedule, but on average appear every two to seven years. The opposite, cooler phase is called La Ni\u00f1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During La Ni\u00f1a, cooler-than-average sea temperatures are experienced in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. Like El Ni\u00f1o, it affects patterns of rainfall and atmospheric pressure worldwide.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The current reality in Southern Africa grimly reflects<\/a> a November 2023 report by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network. It predicted that El Ni\u00f1o would cause scorching heat and significantly below-average rainfall across large swathes of Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Madagascar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Besides warning that El Ni\u00f1o would result in a meagre 2024 harvest for Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe in particular, the report also expected the phenomenon to drive food insecurity in Southern Africa until the early months of 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study<\/a> by World Weather Attribution found that the drought was mostly been driven by El Ni\u00f1o rather than climate change. \u201cOver the past year, attribution studies have shown that many extreme weather events have been driven by a combination of both climate change and El Ni\u00f1o\u201d, said Joyce Kimutai, an extreme weather researcher at Imperial College London\u2019s Grantham Institute. However, \u201cthe Southern Africa drought appears to be a rarer example of an event fuelled primarily by El Ni\u00f1o,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a result of the drought, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network expects<\/a> staple food prices to be higher across the region than in both 2023 and the five-year average.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A combination of these high prices and low incomes is expected to suppress household purchasing power in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The World Food Programme\u2019s February 2024 \u201cSouthern Africa Seasonal Monitor\u201d report<\/a> concurred, saying rainfall deficits during the year\u2019s first quarter would have substantial adverse impacts for harvests, and food security implications further into 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique hit hard<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The region\u2019s political leaders have been speaking loud and clear on the crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March, Malawian president Lazarus Chakwera declared<\/a> a State of Disaster in 23 of the country\u2019s 28 districts. Close to two million farming households had been affected, he stated<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maize supplies two-thirds<\/a> of Malawians\u2019 calorie intake, and Chakwera stated that nearly 750,000 hectares of the cereal crop have been affected, or 44.3% of the total maize area. \u201cThis extent of damage would require close to 600,000 metric tonnes of maize valued at MWK 357.6 billion [USD 205 million] for the humanitarian response,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maize is also a staple in Zambia where President Hakainde Hichilema said<\/a> 84 of 116 districts have been affected by drought, which had destroyed almost half<\/a> of Zambia\u2019s 2.2-million-hectare maize crop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyond agriculture, Hichilema also highlighted the cascading implications for water and energy supplies: \u201cThis drought is having devastating consequences on many sectors such as agriculture, water availability, and energy supply, jeopardising our national food security and the livelihoods of millions of people.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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According to Hichilema, the drought will also impact hydropower, and the country could experience a deficit of 520 megawatts<\/a> by December 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the Zambian president hopes<\/a> aid payments dedicated to agricultural production will ease food stress. However, it will likely take years for the country to recover<\/a> from the impacts, such as on children\u2019s nutrition, of a drought of this magnitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2015-2016, Mozamique suffered its worst drought in 35 years, with crops and livestock badly hit, and 1.5 million<\/a> people plunged into food insecurity. This year, El Ni\u00f1o-induced drought could result in acute hunger for approximately 3.3 million<\/a> in the country by September. Mozambique is also grappling with a conflict<\/a> that has flared up in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, further jeopardising food supplies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adapt, educate, mitigate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth consulted Horace Phiri, an agricultural economist and lecturer at Malawi\u2019s Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Luanar). He advocates for the advice and guidance of \u201cagricultural extension\u201d workers, whose knowledge can be applied to ease the effects of failed rains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phiri told Dialogue Earth that other crops can sometimes be planted instead of maize. \u201cDifferent areas have different conditions, so farmers must be fully aware of what can work for them,\u201d he says \u201cThat is why farmers need to consult; they should be cautious with the choice of seed by selecting drought-resistant crops.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Innocent Phangaphanga, who directs thinktank the Luanar Centre for Agriculture Research and Development, says investments in agriculture will mitigate the impacts of future droughts. For example, the proliferation of Malawi\u2019s Anchor Farm<\/a> agronomic education model, as well as progress on plans<\/a> to scale up agriculture in the country by creating \u201cmega farms<\/a>\u201d. Phangaphanga also advises investment in irrigation and water-harvesting technologies, as well as a move to growing winter crops, raising drought-tolerant livestock and prioritising conservation-agriculture practices<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, mitigating and adapting to drought requires funding. On 20 May, Angola\u2019s president Jo\u00e3o Manuel Gon\u00e7alves Louren\u00e7o launched<\/a> the Southern African Development Community\u2019s regional humanitarian appeal, calling on member states, the international community and the private sector to provide at least USD 5.5 billion in aid. The intergovernmental coalition says more than 61 million people in the region have been affected by the extreme weather El Ni\u00f1o has brought.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Millions across the region have been endangered by drought, prompting declarations of national disasters and urgent calls for aid and for farmers to adapt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4111,"featured_media":60036510,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,763],"tags":[519,20000192,543,50040317,546],"hashtags":[],"country":[50041571,50040721,50040748,50040746],"class_list":["post-60036500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-food","tag-climate-impacts","tag-disasters","tag-extreme-weather","tag-farming","tag-food-security","country-malawi","country-mozambique","country-zambia","country-zimbabwe"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEl Ni\u00f1o triggers food crisis in Southern Africa | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Millions across the region have been endangered by 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