{"id":60040150,"date":"2024-07-04T11:57:42","date_gmt":"2024-07-04T10:57:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60040150"},"modified":"2024-07-04T11:57:52","modified_gmt":"2024-07-04T10:57:52","slug":"from-mangoes-to-poultry-heatwave-aftermath-leaves-bangladesh-food-security-in-jeopardy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/food\/from-mangoes-to-poultry-heatwave-aftermath-leaves-bangladesh-food-security-in-jeopardy\/","title":{"rendered":"From mangoes to poultry, heatwave aftermath leaves Bangladesh food security in jeopardy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Extreme heat in Bangladesh on the back of frequent cyclones, droughts and floods is pushing the country further into a food security crisis<\/a>. The intense heat, which peaked at a record 43.8\u00b0C<\/a> in Jashore on April 30, caused widespread damage to agricultural sectors. A January 2024 report<\/a> by the Grantham Research Institute of the London School of Economics (LSE) said that even if temperature rise is limited to below 2\u00b0C, the proportion of people affected by food insecurity in the country would increase by 4.4% between 2021- 2040.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fruit production hit by heat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In mid-May, the scorching heatwave<\/a> devastated mango orchards across Bangladesh. Ekelakh Hossain, a mango farmer in Biral Upazila, Dinajpur, witnessed the impact firsthand as young mangoes dried up and fell from the trees due to the intense heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe soil in the orchards heated up so much that baby mangoes started drying and dropping from the trees,\u201d Hossain told Dialogue Earth. \u201cThis year, mango production will be about 20 to 30% less than the previous year due to the severe heatwave.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To protect his orchard, Hossain resorted to daily irrigation, costing him Bangladeshi Taka 1,000 (USD 8.54) per day in fuel. Last year, he spent a total of Taka 150,000 (USD 1,281) on mango production across his six-acre orchard. This year, he feared costs would double due to increased irrigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe increased cost of production and reduced yield mean we won\u2019t be able to make a profit this year,\u201d Hossain lamented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE)<\/a>, Bangladesh produced approximately 2.3 million metric tonnes of mango in 2020-21, 2.5 million tonnes in 2021-22, and 2.35 million tonnes in 2022-23. Reports<\/a> indicate that this year\u2019s heatwave reduced mango output by 40%, causing prices to soar and straining the market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"green<\/div>
Baby mangoes litter the ground of Ekelakh Hossain\u2019s orchard. He estimates the heatwave will reduce mango production by up to 30% compared to last year (Image: Rafiqul Islam)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

It is not just mangoes that have suffered. Ashraful Islam, another farmer in Biral Upazila, faced similar challenges with his 45-acre lychee orchard. The intense heat caused lychee flowers to burn and immature fruits to fall prematurely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI cannot afford to stop [pumping water from] my deep tubewell even for a minute,\u201d Islam said. \u201cI have been irrigating my lychee orchard for seven consecutive days to protect the fruits from the heatwave.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Islam estimates that the cost of lychee production would rise to around Taka 2.5 million this year [USD 21,280], compared to Taka 1 million [USD 8,512] last year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)<\/a> reported that 92,958 metric tonnes of lychee were produced in 2021-22 and 104,708 metric tonnes in 2022-23. However, KJM Abdul Awal, director of the horticulture wing at DAE, estimates that this year\u2019s production for both lychee and mango will be reduced by 30% because of the heatwave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Awal also highlighted the broader agricultural impact<\/a> of intense heat, noting that household orchards of various fruits, including jackfruit, blackberry, coconut, papaya and custard apple, were also severely affected by the nationwide heatwave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
Lychee farmer Ashraful Islam had to continually irrigate his orchard during the heatwave (Image: Rafiqul Islam)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abul Kalam Mallick<\/a>, a meteorologist at the Bangladesh Meteorological Department<\/a> told Dialogue Earth that the country experienced a total of 73 days of heatwaves<\/a> in various spells this year, including a severe heatwave lasting 52 days in April and May. \u201cThe pattern and characteristics of heatwaves in Bangladesh have changed due to global climate change,\u201d Mallick observed. \u201cHeatwaves are now occurring even during the monsoon season.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rice at risk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rice, the staple food for over 160 million people in Bangladesh, is crucial for the country\u2019s food security. However, experts warn that the persistent high temperatures could negatively impact paddy production. Despite an increase in production last year, with 39.09 million tonnes of rice produced in 2022-23, compared to 38.14 million tonnes in 2021-22<\/a>, the future looks uncertain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nur Ahmed Khondaker, assistant representative of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to Bangladesh, explained that heatwaves severely affect paddy pollination and grain formation. \u201cWater demand for rice production will increase in the future due to heatwaves. If paddy fields cannot be properly irrigated, production will fall,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohammad Khalequzzaman, director of research at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), noted that both day and night temperatures have risen, disrupting the physiological processes of paddy plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf we do not take enough preparation in the crop sector to deal with heatwaves, food production will decline,\u201d Khalequzzaman warned. However, he mentioned that BRRI has developed a heat-tolerant paddy variety, which is currently under trial and is expected to be available to farmers next year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Livestock and poultry also suffer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The heatwaves have also severely impacted Bangladesh\u2019s livestock sector, particularly poultry. High temperatures<\/a> have resulted in significant chicken mortality and reduced egg production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Badrul Alam Noman, a poultry farmer in Kishoreganj, reported that chickens ate less feed during the latest heatwave, leading to slower growth and lower egg production. \u201cEgg production decreased by 20 to 30% and broiler chickens weighed 300-400 grams less on average,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rising costs and labour challenges<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The heatwave has also increased labour costs<\/a> across the agriculture sector, as many workers either avoid working in extreme heat or demand higher wages for doing so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Masum Miah, a farmer in Kuliarchar, Kishoreganj, struggled to find workers to harvest his boro paddy crop. He eventually found three labourers but had to pay Taka 800 [USD 6.81 USD] per day, significantly higher than the usual Taka 500 [USD 4.26].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLabourers are unwilling to work during the heatwave, so I had to pay more to get my paddy harvested in time,\u201d Miah explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abul Hasem, another farmer, echoed this sentiment: \u201cDespite the high labour costs, workers do not stay in the fields during peak heat. They return only when the temperature drops.\u201d

Among those with limited options, are female workers, who often command lower wages<\/a> compared to their male counterparts. \u201cIt was very difficult to work, in a row, under the burning sun as the temperature was very high,\u201d said Khadeja Akhter, speaking of her experience harvesting rice in Mayarampur under Bancharampur Upazila in Brahmanbaria. Frequent breaks were necessary to keep the body from overheating, as well as a handmade fan to cool herself, she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hamida Khatun, another female farmer, said she had no choice but to work in the extreme conditions to harvest their crops before the onset of flash floods. \u201cWe suffer a lot due to the hot weather. We take breaks and pour water on our heads to stay cool,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"woman<\/div>
Khadeja Akhter uses an umbrella to protect herself from the hot sun as she uses her feet to rake harvested rice grains left out to dry (Image: Rafiqul Islam)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u2018No choice but to innovate\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As Bangladesh grapples with one of its longest<\/a> heatwaves on record<\/a>, the resilience of its agricultural sector is being tested. Urgent actions are needed to protect farmers\u2019 livelihoods and ensure food security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experts advocate for the adoption of climate-resilient farming practices, such as the development and dissemination of heat-tolerant crop varieties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Golam Rabbani, head of the Climate Bridge Fund secretariat at BRAC, said the government should allocate funds for agricultural research to enable innovation on heat-tolerant crop varieties and disseminate those at the farmer level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate-smart agricultural practices should be introduced across the country to cope with heatwaves, he said, adding that the capacity of field level agriculture officers must be enhanced so that they can train farmers and help them find solutions to protect crops from extreme heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Improved irrigation infrastructure and efficient water management techniques are also critical. Rabbani emphasised the need to conserve surface water in drought-prone and heat-affected regions of the country. This ensures that farmers can use surface water for irrigation, especially as groundwater levels decline annually in the northern and northwestern regions during the dry season.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additionally, there is a pressing need for comprehensive national policies to support farmers and mitigate the impact of climate change on agriculture. Malay Choudhury, additional secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture<\/a>, said there is no choice but to innovate when it comes to heat-tolerant crop varieties. This is why, Choudhury said, the government has been strengthening collaboration with international agricultural research organisations to develop heat-tolerant varieties. The Ministry of Agriculture is regularly providing advice and support for farmers so that they can produce their crops amid the changing climate, he added.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aminul Haque, a scientific officer at the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute<\/a>, emphasised the need for a national policy to protect the poultry industry from the impacts of heatwaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHeatwaves will have a long-term impact on the poultry industry \u2026 creating a national policy is now urgent to protect the poultry industry from the impact of heat,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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