{"id":60044885,"date":"2024-08-02T13:15:28","date_gmt":"2024-08-02T12:15:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60044885"},"modified":"2024-08-02T13:19:40","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T12:19:40","slug":"fears-thailands-fishing-reform-will-destroy-a-decade-of-progress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/fears-thailands-fishing-reform-will-destroy-a-decade-of-progress\/","title":{"rendered":"Fears Thailand\u2019s fishing reform will destroy a decade of progress"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Nearly ten years after Thailand overhauled its vast fishing industry amid concerns over sustainability and human rights abuses, another shake up is on the way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government says in order to shore up profitability and lift legal burdens from struggling fishing businesses, it must now amend a landmark fisheries ordinance<\/a> passed in 2015. Critics say the proposals would put the country\u2019s fish populations, and international reputation, at risk once again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fish populations in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea declined dramatically in the decades leading up to 2015, and local campaign groups were reporting widespread illegal fishing and severe abuse of workers. In that year, the European Union (EU) issued a \u201cyellow card<\/a>\u201d to Thailand \u2013 an expression of concern about illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing that can lead to a ban on selling fish to Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This pushed Thailand \u2013 which has one of the world\u2019s biggest fishing fleets \u2013 to undertake significant reforms. Between 2015 and 2018, the authorities prosecuted<\/a> more than 4,200 IUU cases and issued fines of over THB 100 million (USD 2.7 million) to boats from overseas. Stringent measures to improve human rights were also brought in, and the EU lifted<\/a> its yellow card in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen Thailand received the yellow card from the EU, it felt like our voices were being heard,\u201d says Piya Tetyam, president of the Federation of Thai Fisherfolk Association. The group says small-scale fishers have struggled to compete with illegal fishing and big commercial vessels in the past and present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, artisan fishers such as Tetyam fear their interests are being undermined by proposals that would favour bigger commercial operators. Among the mooted changes are reduced penalties for illegal fishing, reduced monitoring of vessels, and allowing fish and crew to be transferred between vessels at sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concerns over costs drive case for change<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

After the 2015 ordinance was enacted, there was a small increase<\/a> in catch per unit effort \u2013 a measure of how easy it is to catch fish and a proxy for how many fish there are \u2013 in both the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Surveys<\/a> of workers have also reported improvements in conditions and levels of documentation, which can act to discourage exploitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the post-2015 crackdown placed a financial burden on large-scale fishing vessel owners, who have also faced higher fines and greater restrictions on where they can fish and what equipment they can use. Thailand\u2019s commercial fishing fleet has shrunk by a quarter<\/a> since then, from 13,456 registered vessels to 10,047 in 2022. According to one study<\/a>, many ship owners have been forced to sell up due to their licences being revoked, and some 60,000 people in the industry have lost their jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voices including the National Fisheries Association of Thailand (NFAT), which represents the larger commercial sector, have become increasingly loud about the need for change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the costs they have imposed on some sectors, the regulations in the 2015 ordinance are viewed as undemocratic by many groups, as they were created via an emergency decree shortly after the 2014 military coup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What will the government do to create fair rules for everyone?<\/blockquote>Piya Tetyam, president of Federation of Thai Fisherfolk Association<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

It seems politicians are convinced change is needed. In February, the Thai parliament passed eight draft new fishing laws \u2013 submitted by the Thai cabinet and seven political parties \u2013 in a unanimous 416-0 vote. Now, MPs must create one version and vote on that. The drafts are all broadly aligned on the need to lower monitoring requirements on boats and remove some restrictions on what methods of fishing can be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf an operator commits a misconduct on one vessel, the rest of their vessels would be banned from fishing too. You wouldn\u2019t see this kind of law in other industries,\u201d says Woraphop Viriyaroj, a member of parliament from the Move Forward Party (MFP), which is part of the drafting committee for the reform of the 2015 ordinance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The overhaul should be finalised in December, according to Viriyaroj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rolling back progress?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Human rights advocates, conservationists and artisanal fishers warn the proposed changes will be a step backwards. They believe they are heavily weighted in favour of commercial vessel operators and that reduced monitoring and penalties for rule breaking will encourage illegal fishing that damages the environment. Changes making it easier to transfer catches and crew between vessels at sea could enable laundering of illegal catches into the supply chain as well as labour exploitation, they say.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March, 16 advocacy groups called for reconsideration in an open letter<\/a>. \u201cIf you read every party\u2019s draft, it\u2019s as if all of them were written by the same person,\u201d said Paphop Siemharn, interim director of the Migrant Working Group<\/a>, one of the letter\u2019s signatories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MWG and other groups say citizens have been given little opportunity to provide feedback, with an initial consultation composed only of yes and no questions posted quietly and briefly on a single government online channel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of the artisanal fishers who make up most of the country\u2019s fleet fear they will lose out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Fishing<\/div>
Fishing boats berthed in Hua Thanon, a traditional fishing village on the Thai island of Koh Samui. Many small-scale fishers fear the proposed reform will disadvantage them (Image: Helmut Corneli \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019re not focused on competition, but rather fair access to the ocean and how we can protect our food security,\u201d said Tetyam. \u201cWhat will the government do to create fair rules for everyone?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the proposed changes, a reclassification of trawlers as non-destructive is provoking especially heated debate, as it would make these boats less closely monitored and easier to register.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fleet of 3,187 trawlers catches most of the fish by tonnage but not by value, says Dominic Thomson, Southeast Asia regional director for the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF), another of the NGOs behind the March letter opposing the changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Department of Fisheries statistics, 46%<\/a> of the trawler catch in 2019 consisted of \u201ctrash fish\u201d \u2013 small, often young fish that frequently end up being used to make animal feed. This type of fish fetches THB 7 (USD 0.19) per kg<\/a> on average. White leg shrimp and squid fetch THB 144 and THB 208 per kg, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Juveniles of economically valuable species accounted for 64-78% of trash fish caught. If allowed to mature, they could be worth much more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trading on reputations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Parliament is also considering changing laws governing the employment of fishers, fuelling fears that the human rights problems seen before 2015 may return.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proposed changes include loosening the requirement for records of employment, called seaman\u2019s books, that are vital to logging crew. Critics say the relaxation of rules on transferring crew at sea may lead to labour abuses. Mongkol Sukcharoenkana, president of fishers\u2019 group NFAT, told Radio Free Asia<\/a> that these changes are actually designed to enable the evacuation of sick or injured workers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf Thailand is allowed to slip and implement these rollbacks being proposed, it will send a very dangerous signal to other countries in the region that fisheries transparency and labour protection isn\u2019t something they need to invest in anymore,\u201d says Thomson from EJF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He also warns of potential ripple effects to seafood-processing companies. They may have to reject shipments from suppliers who no longer adhere to their procurement policies around human rights, or face cancelled orders from foreign clients, he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is disputed by pro-reformers. \u201cThere is a lot of misunderstanding, especially in regards to labour rights, which is understandable if one only reads one draft of the law,\u201d says Viriyaroj of MFP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says the reform is not intended to remove protections but to reduce legislative overlaps of the 2015 ordinance law and another law<\/a> on fishing labour passed in 2019. Relaxing requirements for seaman\u2019s books should reduce the number of undocumented migrant worker cases since it would make having the correct documentation less burdensome for workers, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Global eyes on Thai policies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This reform is being seen as a move by Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin to gain support by prioritising rapid economic growth after he came to power in August last year. There could be consequences well beyond Thai waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou can\u2019t have economic populism and real public policy at the same time,\u201d says Mark Cogan, associate professor of peace and conflict studies at Kansai Gaidai University in Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Cogan warns promises to relax IUU fishing laws would compromise international agreements and ongoing trade talks with the EU and other powers. \u201cYou can\u2019t \u2026 remake Thailand\u2019s image while also having this nasty image of a human rights abusing, bad labour practice country,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NFAT\u2019s Sukcharoenkana has dismissed worries regarding Thailand\u2019s global reputation, citing a decrease in both the size and importance of its exports. The EU accounts for around 5%<\/a> of Thailand\u2019s fisheries exports. But Jaruprapa Rakpong, a professor of international trade law at Thammasat University, cautions that it remains significant, \u201cnot just in terms of volume but also value and quality\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entry to markets with high standards such as the EU or US also creates trust with both governments and consumers in other countries, says Rakpong. This takes time to build, and failing to adhere to regulations set by these partners would \u201caffect bargaining power in world economics, politics and beyond\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the reforms move forward, another yellow card may yet lurk in the future for Thailand\u2019s fishery sector.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Backers say change is needed to save fishers\u2019 incomes, critics fear overhaul will undermine environmental recovery and progress on human rights<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20000940,"featured_media":60044907,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901],"tags":[545,50003602,40027748,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[20029326],"class_list":["post-60044885","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-fisheries","tag-human-rights","tag-overfishing","tag-policy","country-thailand"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFears Thailand\u2019s fishing reform will destroy a decade of progress | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Backers say change is needed to save fishers\u2019 incomes, critics fear overhaul will undermine environmental recovery and progress on human rights\" \/>\n<meta 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