{"id":60045607,"date":"2024-08-08T15:09:17","date_gmt":"2024-08-08T14:09:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60045607"},"modified":"2024-08-30T16:53:47","modified_gmt":"2024-08-30T15:53:47","slug":"unexploded-ordnance-has-become-an-ocean-time-bomb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/unexploded-ordnance-has-become-an-ocean-time-bomb\/","title":{"rendered":"Unexploded ordnance has become an ocean time bomb"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

So many second world war ships and planes were sunk around Savo Island in months of conflict between the US and Japan, that this stretch of the Pacific Ocean earned the new name Iron Bottom Sound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Decades later, the wrecks remain and so do their contents and cargos, including toxic chemicals from ammunition, explosives, and fuel. As they corrode and leak in the deep waters off this part of the Solomon Islands archipelago, chemicals such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons leach into the marine environment. These possess possible risks to the surrounding ecosystems and perhaps even human health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iron Bottom Sound is just one example of a growing global problem. From Hawaii to the Baltic Sea, researchers are working against the clock to understand the risk to the marine environment posed by these legacy munitions \u2013 and what should be done about them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many were put into the ocean deliberately, to dispose of unused stocks at the end of conflicts. \u201cThey have been dumping munitions in the ocean for a long time,\u201d says Margo Edwards, director of the Applied Research Laboratory at the University of Hawaii, who has studied the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There these weapons have largely lain undisturbed for almost a century, but fishing and other marine activities such as offshore wind power are now increasingly intruding on the sites. And as the munitions corrode, the risk of environmental contamination grows year by year. \u201cIt\u2019s kind of our modern life expanding into a decision that was made back in the 1940s, and even prior to that, that\u2019s causing this conflict,\u201d says Edwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bracing for disaster<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In some cases, leftover munitions are well known landmarks. The US wreck SS Richard Montgomery<\/a>, for example, has lain in shallow water in the Thames estuary about 50 miles east of London since it ran aground in a storm in 1944. With its masts clearly visible above the often choppy water, the stricken vessel is laden with an estimated 1,400 tonnes of unexploded ordnance. An assessment in 1970 found that if this blew up, it would trigger a tsunami large enough to engulf<\/a> the nearby town of Sheerness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in many cases, the scale and exact location of the underwater hazards remain unknown. Records have been lost or were never made in the first place. Anxious sailors tasked with disposing of the dangerous leftovers often tipped them into the sea as soon as possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For years, the problem has been out of sight and out of mind. But, some experts say, that is no longer the right approach. The metal canisters and boxes that hold many of the dumped explosives have been steadily corroding and are now at increased risk of leakage. If significant numbers were to give way simultaneously, or in a short space of time, that could cause a serious pollution event. At the very least, researchers say, we need better surveys and monitoring so that the level of risk can be properly assessed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAll the mechanisms are in place for a huge environmental disaster,\u201d says Jacek Beldowski, a geochemist working with ocean-dumped munitions at the Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences. \u201cEverything depends on the rate of corrosion, and will it be simultaneous or not?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assessing the environmental risk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The environmental threat from unexploded undersea munitions comes in two forms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first is discarded chemical weapons, including mustard agents, used to generate the kind of poison gas that caused terror in the trenches of the first world war. These\u00a0agents, and breakdown products such as arsenic, are toxic to sea life and accumulate in the larvae of fish and shellfish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The second comes from ingredients of conventional explosives, including TNT. These are known to cause cancer and so scientists cannot set a \u201csafe\u201d level of exposure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBoth are persistent point sources of contamination at the bottom of the sea and they\u2019re releasing toxic constituents,\u201d says Beldowski, who has seen the situation first hand in the Baltic Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve got something like 40,000 tonnes<\/a> of chemical munitions in the Baltic, and maybe half a million tonnes of conventional munitions,\u201d he says. \u201cIt\u2019s easier to identify chemical munition if it is corroded because you see the bursting charge, which was in the middle to spray the warfare agents around.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Annalena Baerbock, Germany\u2019s foreign minister, behind a second world war glider bomb. She was visiting the Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research in 2022. The institute does research into the ecological effects of munitions waste (Image: Jens B\u00fcttner \/ dpa \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

There is no question that toxic chemicals are being released, but that does not always indicate a serious threat to the environment. It all depends on the concentration and how it affects marine life. That is something that Edmund Maser, a toxicologist at Kiel University in Germany, is trying to find out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maser has run experiments<\/a> in the Baltic to expose mussels to corroding mines placed there by the British navy in the 1940s, and to chunks of TNT that have fallen out of them. After three months they found the mussels next to the chunks had absorbed up to 400 times more of the TNT and its derivatives than those placed next to the more intact mines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maser says this shows the risk of environmental contamination will rise sharply as munitions corrode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen we wait too long, all these bombs, mines and torpedo heads will lose their protecting metal shell. That will expose a bigger surface area of the explosive, and then we will have a higher dissolution rate into the environment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fishing is banned from known munition sites in the Baltic. But work in Maser\u2019s lab has shown that mussels grown elsewhere, including in the North Sea, have started to show signs of similar contamination. Mussels collected in the 1980s did not contain the toxins. \u201cThe first signs of munition chemicals appeared in 2000. And starting in 2012, we had clear signs of these chemicals appearing,\u201d says Maser. The concentrations are still low, he stresses, but they will continue to increase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Action is needed now, Maser says, before the situation gets worse. \u201cWe should now start remediation. To prevent further corrosion and to prevent a further contamination of the marine environment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who should fix the problem?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Making the munitions safe or removing them from the sea is a challenging task. Disturbing sites risks accidents and further disintegration of metal casings. Controlled explosions have been carried out in the past, but these would simply spread the contamination over a wider area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\u2019s also the question of who is responsible. David Alexander, professor of emergency planning and management at University College London, has studied the risks posed by the SS Richard Montgomery in the Thames. He points out that efforts to make the wreck safer have been complicated because it\u2019s an American-owned ship in British waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe US government offered to do something about it [in 1948 and 1967<\/a>], and the British government said, \u2018no thank you,\u2019\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The responsibility issue is particularly acute for Pacific islanders, including those on the Solomon Islands, who have effectively inherited someone else\u2019s problem. Alongside international NGOs, the US and Japan have worked to remove munitions from places such as Palau, points out Linsey Cottrell, environment policy officer with the Conflict and Environment Observatory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Much of this work has so far focused on munitions left on land, as they pose a greater threat to local people. But that work will have to spread offshore, Cottrell says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPalau and the Solomon Islands have got such a high dependency on tourism and diving. It\u2019s kind of critical to deal with it,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Next year will see the 80th anniversary of the war that gave Iron Bottom Sound its name. The problems created then still remain to be solved.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mines and bombs dating back to the second world war are a growing threat to marine lives and coastal communities<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40000112,"featured_media":60045636,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901,760],"tags":[514,537,50042337,40027778],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040726,50040727,50041234,50041244,50040729,50040700],"class_list":["post-60045607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","category-pollution","tag-chemicals","tag-ecosystems","tag-environmental-history","tag-marine-protection","country-germany","country-japan","country-palau","country-solomon-islands","country-united-kingdom","country-united-states-of-america"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUnexploded ordnance has become an ocean time bomb | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mines and bombs 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