{"id":60047837,"date":"2024-08-26T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-26T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60047837"},"modified":"2024-09-16T11:04:53","modified_gmt":"2024-09-16T10:04:53","slug":"indonesias-ev-ambitions-highlight-urgent-battery-recycling-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-ev-ambitions-highlight-urgent-battery-recycling-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Indonesia\u2019s EV ambitions highlight urgent battery recycling challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Komang Ratih recently bought her 10-year-old son an electric moped so he could ride to school independently. They live on the Indonesian island of Bali, where electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular. Smaller and lighter than motorbikes, electric mopeds (e-mopeds) are considered the safer of the two, as well as more convenient, because they do not require registration to drive. With a starting price of around IDR 6 million<\/a> (USD 365), they are also more affordable. As of December 2023, 4,500<\/a> electric vehicles (EVs) were registered in Bali \u2013 400 of which were four-wheelers \u2013 among a population of approximately 4.3 million. Yet, the rise of EVs here highlights a critical challenge: managing the growing pile of used batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indonesia, with its population of 275 million, had 125 million<\/a> motorcycles in circulation as of 2022. That year, the country set itself ambitious targets of 2.1 million<\/a> electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) by 2025 and 13 million<\/a> by 2030. However, by January 2024 the number of registered E2Ws stood at just 75,000<\/a>. Although numbers in Bali rose following the introduction of subsidies<\/a> in March 2023, the slow uptake underlines the effort required to meet these targets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Current recycling infrastructure: established but insufficient<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Unlike most EVs on the market, e-mopeds use sealed lead acid (SLA) batteries rather than pricier lithium-based options. This is what makes e-mopeds at least 50% cheaper than lithium-powered alternatives. While SLA batteries are cheaper, they typically<\/a> last between just one and three years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SLA batteries have long been a critical element of combustion engine vehicles, and their component parts (plastic, lead, sulphuric acid) are mostly<\/a> recyclable. Once discarded, they are often sold on as scrap and broken down for recycling<\/a>. The plastic is chopped into smaller pieces and melted into pellets for reuse, while the lead is smelted into bars in a furnace and the acid is either reused in new batteries or neutralised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cFor SLA batteries, the recycling ecosystem in Indonesia is pretty much established,\u201d says Indra Perdana, who leads a battery waste research team at Gadjah Mada University in Java. \u201cEven Astra<\/a> [a major vehicle distributor] already has a dedicated unit to recycle lead acid batteries.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although this infrastructure is already in place, safety waste disposal measures have failed to keep up. Faris Adnan Padhilah, a researcher at the Institute for Essential Services Reform in Jakarta, says that SLA batteries are not being carefully disposed of, leading to health problems in communities. In Bogor, West Java, mismanagement of SLA waste has caused lead poisoning that left multiple<\/a> children with physical or mental needs, he notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt is possible that used SLA batteries go back to their factories for recycling, but the current recycling ecosystem is still not immune to dangers,\u201d Padhilah says. Leaving them outside or exposed to sunlight is dangerous, and any long-term public health impacts can take as long as ten years to fully materialise, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Decentralisation versus centralisation: what is Indonesia\u2019s battery recycling capacity?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Indonesian government regulates the handling of hazardous waste, requiring collectors and waste managers to obtain a permit from their district governor. However, the regulations<\/a> published by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2021 lack important details, making no provision on how different types of toxic waste should be treated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The implementation of these regulations is also \u201cnot monitored\u201d, claims Catur Yudha Hariani, who heads the Environmental Education Centre (PPLH) Bali, an NGO. \u201cSometimes, waste pickers will disassemble batteries and sell the parts separately. That\u2019s very dangerous, because they are exposed to hazardous chemicals that can ruin their health,\u201d she says. This lack of oversight means children as young as six<\/a> have been known to collect and dismantle e-waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a<\/div>
A worker smelts electronic waste at a recycling centre in Jombang, East Java. According to the Environmental Education Centre Bali, Indonesia\u2019s regulations for the handling of hazardous waste have so far failed to stop dangerous practices like this (Image \u00a9 Fully Syafi \/ Greenpeace)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

To move towards greater EV adoption, authorities will need to provide clear guidelines on how to manage waste, Perdana suggests. \u201cIt requires entities to process battery-related waste, but I don\u2019t see any follow-up regulations on this,\u201d he says. Follow-up regulations designed at ministerial and district levels, he adds, could provide detail on how to implement the guidelines on the ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hariani is researching Bali\u2019s preparedness for the incoming battery waste from its growing EV sector. Several district governments have started initiatives to build recycling drop-boxes, but are struggling with low budgets from the central government. \u201cFor instance, the budget for Gianyar [a regency of Bali] to manage hazardous waste is only IDR 3 million [USD 182] per year, which is just enough to monitor the existing waste management system, not to improve it,\u201d she says.

Moreover, SLA battery processing is concentrated in a few cities in Java, such as Surabaya and Cirebon. With no e-waste recycling industry of its own, Bali\u2019s e-waste must be transported to these areas. Paola Cannucciari, a programme manager for waste services provider ecoBali<\/a>, says the cost of transportation is typically \u201ctoo high\u201d for waste managers operating in areas without recycling infrastructure. \u201cSo, it\u2019s really important for Indonesia to find a way to decentralise its recycling industry,\u201d she explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scaling up for lithium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Perdana believes the dominance of SLA batteries in the Indonesian EV market is temporary. He says lithium-based batteries, particularly lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) types, are more likely to become the preferred choice for manufacturers in the long run due to their affordability, longer lifespan and suitability for various types of vehicles.

NMC and LFP batteries are both recyclable, but require different technologies, meaning they need to be collected separately. Currently, Indonesia is still developing<\/a> comprehensive EV-specific recycling regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padhilah notes that the Indonesian government has not restricted the sale of E2Ws with SLA batteries, unlike other countries that have chosen to limit EV subsidies to lithium-powered options. This lack of restriction means SLA batteries may persist for longer in the market, particularly for low-cost, short-distance vehicles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government needs to immediately issue further regulations<\/blockquote>Faris Adnan Padhilah, researcher at the Institute for Essential Services Reform<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

While the government has focused on expanding recycling capacity and monitoring illegal waste collection, Perdana worries these efforts might only suffice for SLA batteries. An influx of discarded lithium-based batteries could overwhelm existing systems.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research conducted by the Institute for Essential Services Reform in 2023 indicates<\/a> the country currently only has small-scale recycling operations for lithium batteries. According to Padilah, these operations are constrained by outdated regulations that classify battery waste simply as waste, rather than as a resource. This classification complicates transportation and increases costs, particularly in an archipelagic country like Indonesia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe policies are outdated,\u201d Padhilah says. \u201cIf we look at the presidential decree [on EV acceleration<\/a>] released in 2019, that\u2019s five years ago.\u201d He points out the decree focuses mainly on manufacturing and charging, lacking a comprehensive policy framework for developing robust recycling capabilities. \u201cThe government needs to immediately issue further regulations,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indonesia\u2019s vast nickel supply<\/a> makes NMC batteries the logical national alternative to SLA. The government has announced<\/a> its intention to develop the downstream nickel industry<\/a>, encouraging EV companies like Tesla to choose<\/a> Indonesia for its new nickel-based battery plants. The Indonesian state\u2019s oil and gas company Pertamina<\/a> and the Chinese battery manufacturer Tianneng<\/a> have both expressed interest in building EV lithium battery recycling facilities in Indonesia. At the time of writing, however, specific plans had not yet materialised. Meanwhile, 75%<\/a> of the EVs sold in Indonesia in 2023 used LFP batteries, despite being less profitable to recycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Padhilah thinks Indonesia should consider importing dead batteries to increase its volume of recyclable materials, which he argues would turn waste into a valuable resource. \u201cIndonesia doesn\u2019t have a significant lithium reserve, so by importing [and recycling] dead batteries, we can obtain some of this lithium,\u201d he says. \u201cOther countries in Southeast Asia have contemplated doing their own urban mining, but they also still lag behind when it comes to building recycling centres. Indonesia should have taken a head start.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whichever battery type ultimately dominates, Perdana says more detailed recycling regulation is needed, \u201cdown to how each type of battery should be sorted and collected\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Padhilah agrees that a shift towards lithium batteries, which offer a longer lifespan and incorporate more advanced technology, is necessary. He believes that, to achieve its ambitious EV targets and effectively manage the resultant waste, Indonesia needs to rapidly develop a recycling infrastructure capable of handling the diverse range of battery types in its electric future. Padhilah says replicating the SLA recycling system (of enabling customers to exchange old batteries for discounts on new ones) could help manage lithium battery waste more effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere is not enough discussion at a policy level about building a recycling ecosystem,\u201d Padhilah concludes. \u201cFrom my conversation with government officials, recycling isn\u2019t a priority … we still have a long way to go.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As the government promotes electric vehicle adoption, experts voice significant concerns about the country\u2019s ability to manage the accompanying battery waste<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000612,"featured_media":60047840,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757],"tags":[13444,18133,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040717],"class_list":["post-60047837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","tag-electric-vehicles","tag-lithium","tag-policy","country-indonesia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndonesia\u2019s EV ambitions highlight urgent battery recycling challenges | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As the government promotes electric vehicle adoption, experts voice significant concerns about the country\u2019s ability to manage the accompanying battery waste\" \/>\n<meta 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July 24, 2023. Technician replaces electric motor battery at Bacip Moto Shop workshop. The Bacip Moto Shop workshop under the guidance of the Bintang Racing Team is one of the official workshops that has received a license from the Ministry of Transportation. In this case, the conversion of conventional motorbikes into electric motorbikes is set at seven million rupiah, not including batteries with a range of up to 44 kilometers. Credit: Dimas Rachmatsyah\/Alamy Live News"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-ev-ambitions-highlight-urgent-battery-recycling-challenges\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Indonesia\u2019s EV ambitions highlight urgent battery recycling challenges"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/","name":"Dialogue Earth","description":"Global climate and environment news","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization","name":"\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5730\u7403","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Dialogue-Earth-Symbol-Logo_Black-Text.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Dialogue-Earth-Symbol-Logo_Black-Text.png","width":256,"height":256,"caption":"\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5730\u7403"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/twitter.com\/DialogueEarth_","","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DialogueEarth.English","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/dialogue.earth\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/dialogueearth\/"],"publishingPrinciples":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/about\/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/fe2cfc0e15f69460781eca4514d42243","name":"Michelle Anindya","url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/michelleanindya\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/michelleanindya\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60047837","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50000612"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60047837"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60047837\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60047888,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60047837\/revisions\/60047888"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/60047840"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60047837"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60047837"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60047837"},{"taxonomy":"hashtags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/hashtags?post=60047837"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=60047837"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}