{"id":60050513,"date":"2024-09-19T15:46:34","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T14:46:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60050513"},"modified":"2024-09-26T11:21:59","modified_gmt":"2024-09-26T10:21:59","slug":"chinas-changing-fisheries-in-numbers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/chinas-changing-fisheries-in-numbers\/","title":{"rendered":"China\u2019s changing fisheries, in numbers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The world\u2019s population is due to reach <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/global-issues\/population\">9.7 billion<\/a> by 2050 and sustainable approaches to feeding the extra mouths are crucial. The fishing sector will play a vital role according to an influential report by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2022, production reached a record high, driven by a surge in animal aquaculture that exceeded wild catch for the first time, found the latest State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture <a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/ef79a6ba-d8df-41b9-9e87-2b6edd811511\">report<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China has played a significant role in this transition. It has been the largest source of fish production since about <a href=\"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/271816\/1-s2.0-S0964569123X00143\/1-s2.0-S0964569123004362\/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEMH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCfGCROgwQDoWHzw0NLmoQjS20uH9PbonJzKNGhw6Oa6gIgSBNogq8ilTEWoBZBIEIFt1B%2FvCx5ZK5Zc%2BODcDF2OC0qvAUI2f%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDOtjPAkUvF5eBEhDkyqQBSwRfzCKenghPhixVac41Dp7KFPq%2FhW%2BpkFx2q6U3cxjCEqGpZMtL4PiSbt8bqcBDh01Cj2sydXQpvBC%2BBFWbyR9fdcunqltVLFNIW%2FYSrKRvT1YnpYt2l7Po0MFRLk0goKTmThZOgLMLkJvpovlsmgarg%2F1vhMfkfEj%2FjhSAwZMfkgh0n36cFDTlztLFHBP1GNjdta1%2FS1KnlDp3MjEfq8v1dbxPeqrDYIR0SbgvrnFfEfNf%2FwN8CvtrLfdE%2Bb%2BDOzF3vMT4Vnur0Vw%2FbjFcBqN7Oho1kzmf1hRcqrftQTczIzHIIOAUw2%2FnEMFxbzuzP1KOoTgua7gZS9yka03wRBsNyRy%2B7zKeUzOz49tKLttmbrRSb1iKeWbftuh7h7vp5UZjBnVHbRlEqhZ8KSfxcsEIp8p7IXbrKDcKZsdA%2FgP75uvQ10Liz7hPpmlf5WSBx6EGeF%2F%2FBM3AQF2CYNvil9KiiCKGI1gSXTUUq6%2B0XtKVqkEfpz31JFcsmFQH%2B%2FrHANfCozncxq8WJGH0pEU1fhgiHiyMmkAntoPP9FuDylnw9K3hrwQBx5%2B4ML8PRbbWd66Llz3iYIAHwWo7S4ekjqerdQHbPTT5YAdeupjw0dk4%2BmRsBlpSmLGTF%2FLVfy8cs%2FrcKYCIErIHzigdawJwC4B7edbLokOgnyf3SO9cLkvM9fHVxIOlU413eS18HkQWoFPnhX4q3HBj2bmfZAaIZo4qLRRPopHYbSQv7HTVx%2BNE4rLAqhy9MUoJqQMNZVqIlOq60G2o4ijWJJUSshtZVhtIZA98Y2ZnB%2FdM9ov67%2FNTgW6SY5plBsANoIQ6rj9pOfft4GBVWzN5%2FyrQRy4%2FvM2O%2FVv9UaZPJyyp5meTrC2MJOO4rYGOrEBK0VWEQcXvsYXYsyXBpBcb211U9IVyPDMk9DJ0dVvR%2Bc3jvEBa3yN3ifV7bJLzXDAzhrF%2BqyRnpSunNq%2B6f5ttkb5GB6tn6V%2FtLDSXCbfNEKs3uwUo4sHZuc6u9S7SQsbo%2FpjNkglQPKDqGf2lCA3X7KHtu9BSOoX%2Bfi4jQbKiUfOoH3v4nFs1Zl4MQrfveizA7WsFOuWsAuWYjw4NedLu0RDkvnnPaBoMk1VbVsW%2Fmqk&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240904T164819Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=300&amp;X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYUROQTHRC%2F20240904%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=22fe42ee441969fff79e77d997277e029d56cc4b09c9400b7d825c2c08df1b26&amp;hash=a3a36499b755858ec42edbe875954376ca13f803465a4a26cb4e3a38b93dfc7a&amp;host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&amp;pii=S0964569123004362&amp;tid=spdf-9fd88bfc-050d-49c9-9844-05601da73576&amp;sid=9c219a5d922627480b6861d925e6caffc97bgx\">1989<\/a>, for both marine wild catch and aquaculture. By 2022, China accounted for nearly 40% of global output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But its marine catch declined from 14.4 million tonnes in 2015 to 11.8 million tonnes in 2022, a fall of nearly 18%, the FAO report noted. Meanwhile, with more than a decade of development behind it, China has become the main driver of growth in aquaculture production, not just in Asia, but globally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/19317213\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:70vh;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-addressing-coastal-fish-depletion-through-aquaculture\">Addressing coastal fish depletion through aquaculture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The dwindling fish stocks caused by decades of overfishing have pushed China to expand its aquaculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China has more fishing vessels than any other nation, with many operating in home waters and overexploiting coastal fishery resources. Ocean warming and acidification due to <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/zh\/3\/40094338\/\">climate change<\/a> pose a further threat to China\u2019s nearshore fish populations, including those of the large yellow croaker, sea bream and sandlance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tackling the depletion has been at the core of China\u2019s fisheries policy for two decades, with the focus being on reducing wild catch. In 2003, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cn\/gk\/tzgg_1\/tz\/200311\/t20031128_141542.htm\">issued<\/a> guidelines for reducing the number and capacity of fishing vessels. The ministry subsequently introduced seasonal fishing moratoriums, which have since been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2023-03\/15\/content_5746717.htm\">extended<\/a> in both duration and area covered. In 2017, coastal provinces began testing and rolling out quota systems, limiting the netting of designated fish stocks within specific zones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-challenges-for-distant-water-fisheries\">Challenges for distant-water fisheries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To compensate for the declining domestic catches, China has also expanded its distant-water fishing (DWF) operations since 2000. Production in 2022 was 2.33 million tonnes, up by nearly 4% year-on-year and accounting for almost 18% of national wild catch, according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thepaper.cn\/newsDetail_forward_26718547\">China Fishery Statistical Yearbook<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The growth of DWF is controversial internationally, leading to mounting concerns about sustainability and transparency. China\u2019s large-scale operations in West Africa, for example, compete for local fish stocks and affect livelihoods, though other nations are also involved in this region and others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of these <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cn\/nybgb\/2019\/201909\/202001\/t20200109_6334658.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">operations<\/a>\u2019 involvement in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/iuu-fishing\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">illegal, unreported and unregulated<\/a> fishing has drawn the Chinese government to respond with a <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/zh\/9\/77432\/\">blacklisting<\/a> system and other tools for cracking down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/19429345\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:87vh;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2016, China had nearly 2,900 DWF vessels including those under construction, with the number in operation having increased by 66% since 2010, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cn\/gk\/ghjh_1\/201712\/t20171227_6128624.htm\">data<\/a> showed. By 2022, the figure had dropped to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cn\/xw\/zwdt\/202310\/t20231024_6438981.htm#:~:text=2022%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%8B%A5%E6%9C%89%E7%BB%8F,%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F232.8%E4%B8%87%E5%90%A8%E3%80%82\">2,551<\/a> according to China\u2019s white paper on development of distant-water fisheries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China has been <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/china-starts-limiting-squid-boat-numbers\/\">restricting<\/a> its DWF operations since 2020. The policy includes self-imposed moratoriums on fishing in international waters and limits on the number of squid boats active in certain areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The policy of \u201cdeveloping sustainable distant-water fisheries\u201d was first introduced in the country\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ndrc.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfb\/ghwb\/202103\/P020210313315693279320.pdf\">14th Five Year Plan<\/a> for 2021-2025. In 2022, the government <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cn\/govpublic\/YYJ\/202202\/t20220215_6388748.htm\">set<\/a> a target of limiting DWF catch to around 2.3 million tonnes by 2025, aiming to curb the industry\u2019s expansion and drive \u201chigh-quality development\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With declining marine catch and constraints on distant-water fishing, China began looking to aquaculture to ensure future food security. Its aquacultural output was already four times that of capture fishing by the end of 2020, the last year of the 13th Five Year Plan. The importance of developing the sector was further asserted in the plan that followed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-china-s-transition-to-aquaculture\">China\u2019s transition to aquaculture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>China is a significant driver of aquaculture worldwide. In 2022, 83.4 million tonnes of aquatic animals were harvested in Asia, up from 77.5 million tonnes two years before. China accounted for 55.4% of this growth, adding 3.3 million tonnes of animal aquaculture between 2022 and 2020, according to the FAO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-china-s-animal-aquaculture-yield-has-far-exceeded-its-catches\">China\u2019s animal aquaculture yield has far exceeded its catches<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/19317448\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:55vh;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/19317500\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:55vh;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The rapid and sometimes haphazard development of aquaculture has brought challenges, including coastal-water pollution from fish farms and uncontrolled use of fishery drugs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zhou Wei, head of the oceans programme at Greenpeace East Asia, told Dialogue Earth: \u201cFarming certain carnivorous fish, shrimps and crabs requires large amounts of feed made from wild juvenile fish, which puts wild stocks under pressure. There are concerns about the sustainability of this kind of model.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China began promoting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2021-04\/22\/content_5601218.htm\">green aquaculture<\/a> technologies in 2021 to make the fish-farming industry more sustainable. The measures include controlling wastewater discharge, reducing drug use, and mixing juvenile fish with land-harvested ingredients to create \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/china-pushes-compound-feed-to-protect-juvenile-fish\/\">compound feed<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"40091966\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>In the same year,&nbsp;the government finalised aquaculture planning nationwide to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. As part of this planning work, local and national authorities designated certain zones for general aquaculture, others for \u201crestricted aquaculture\u201d with stricter environmental standards, and others where aquaculture is banned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, gaps remain between policy and practice. Zhou says insufficient supporting personnel and skills have held back policy implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>She adds there are nearly 200,000 vessels active in China\u2019s coastal fisheries, which employ tens of millions of people. It is an enormous, complex industry with manifold regional differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lack of management capacity and skilled personnel has hindered policy implementation, from expanding research and innovation, to providing alternative employment for fishers. <strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-major-exporter-with-imports-on-the-rise\">A major exporter, with imports on the rise<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>China\u2019s fishery products contribute hugely to global food production, and it remained the world\u2019s largest exporter of such products in 2022, according to the FAO report. Japan, the US and South Korea are its main export destinations, with cuttlefish, squid and cod making up the bulk of those exports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But its imports have also grown significantly. The report shows that in 2022 China became a net importer of aquatic animal products by value. (In volume terms, it has been a net importer of them since the mid 1980s, with the trade deficit widening in recent years.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/19430940\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:72vh;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe src='https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/19429936\/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:72vh;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ecuador, Russia and Vietnam supplied the largest share of those imports. Shrimp, Atlantic cod, lobsters and crabs predominate but feed for livestock and feedstock for the seafood-processing sector are also imported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The report says this reflects China\u2019s growing demand for foreign products and the outsourced processing work it does on aquatic products from other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These are precisely the trends illustrated by the China Fisheries Association in a 2021 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.china-cfa.org\/xwzx\/xydt\/2021\/0528\/596.html\">analysis<\/a> stating that the supply of aquatic products in China \u201cwill come to further rely on aquaculture and imports\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aquaculture will also become increasingly important globally, with the FAO expecting it to account for 54% of world output of aquatic animals by 2032 \u2013 three percentage points higher than in 2022. The transition is set to continue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a id=\"_msocom_1\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nearly 40% of global fish production in 2022 was Chinese, and the country is the main driver of huge growth in aquaculture, shows major report<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000620,"featured_media":60050768,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901,194],"tags":[40027751,545,546],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110],"class_list":["post-60050513","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","category-uncategorized-zh","tag-aquaculture","tag-fisheries","tag-food-security","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>China\u2019s changing 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