{"id":60050562,"date":"2024-09-16T18:19:00","date_gmt":"2024-09-16T17:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60050562"},"modified":"2024-09-16T18:19:11","modified_gmt":"2024-09-16T17:19:11","slug":"indias-milk-industry-struggles-as-the-climate-changes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/indias-milk-industry-struggles-as-the-climate-changes\/","title":{"rendered":"India\u2019s milk industry struggles as the climate changes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

On a humid, late-July day this year, Chandan Singh went to milk his buffaloes, only to find five of them spewing foamy saliva. The village veterinarian diagnosed haemorrhagic septicaemia<\/a> (HS), a bacterial disease also known as gala ghotu rog<\/em>. Treatment cost around INR 15,000 (USD 179), which roughly equates to six weeks of the dairy farmer\u2019s income. Despite this intervention, two of his buffaloes died within days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey developed swelling in the throat and the eyes became red. They couldn\u2019t breathe,\u201d Singh says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Singh, who lives in Punawali Kalan village in the north of India, is not alone in suffering such losses. Around 75 cattle have died within a five-kilometre radius of his village this monsoon. HS thrives<\/a> in moist and humid conditions. This makes it a recurring challenge for farmers, particularly as climate change increases temperatures and intense rainfall events in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
Rajkumar Rajput, also a dairy farmer in Punawali Kalan, says his herd\u2019s milk production plummets during heatwaves (Image: Sneha Richhariya)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This year, Punawali Kalan\u2019s dairy farmers have also experienced plummeting milk yields due to extreme heat waves<\/a>. Rajkumar Rajput, another local farmer, saw his daily production drop from 45 to 30 litres as winter became summer. Rajput supplies the daily milk demands of 40 households and says he \u201chad to buy milk to cover the shortfall\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, India\u2019s Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes conducted a study<\/a> on climate change and buffalo farming. It said sudden extreme temperature variations can cause a 10-30% drop in milk production during the first lactation, and a 5-20% drop during the second and third lactations. These impacts continue for 2-5 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This challenge is only set to grow. A 2022 study<\/a> by the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute estimates that, as temperatures rise, the growing drop in annual milk production in the northern plains \u2013 which account for 30% of India\u2019s milk production \u2013 could amount to 361,000 tonnes by 2039. Such a drop would represent losses amounting to INR 11.93 billion (USD 142 million).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2022 Lancet study<\/a> warned that, if global greenhouse gas emissions remain high, rising temperatures could cut milk production in arid regions by 25% by 2085.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The direct and indirect threats of climate change<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Abhinav Gaurav, a livestock management advisor for the climate action NGO Environmental Defense Fund, says climate change is impacting cattle both directly and indirectly. The animals themselves struggle with intensifying heat and humidity, and the climate impacts also interfere with the production of their fodder, alter their pastures, and increase their exposure to disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2016 study led by Bengaluru\u2019s National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology suggested<\/a> most milk production losses were incurred via these indirect climate change impacts. Predominantly, that means shrinking \u2013 or simply unavailable \u2013 feed and water sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate change affects forage quality and availability by shifting precipitation patterns, raising temperatures, and altering vegetation. This compounds water scarcity, which is especially harmful to buffaloes because their thick black skin makes them particularly vulnerable to heat stress. \u201cThe loss of traditional wallowing ponds exacerbates this vulnerability,\u201d adds Gaurav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
Yunus is a dairy farmer in the Bulandshahar district of Uttar Pradesh, north India. Extreme rainfall and heat cause him to face both higher fodder prices and lower milk outputs (Image: Sneha Richhariya)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Yunus, another dairy farmer in northern India, has seen fodder prices surge when crops fail in heavy rainfall. \u201cI had to buy fodder at INR 1,700 per quintal, compared to the usual INR 700-800,\u201d he says. This summer, milk output from Yunus\u2019 30 buffaloes dropped from 200 to 150 litres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the dairy sector, milk prices depend on fat and solid-not-fat content. This content\u00a0decreases<\/a> in the lean period (April to September) as heat and humidity rise. Climate change exacerbates<\/a> this by making heat stress and erratic rainfall more likely, meaning less income for milk producers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"machinery<\/div>
This machine at Punawali Kalan\u2019s Balinee Milk Producer Company measures the fat and solid-not-fat content of milk. During the lean season between April and September, these contents reduce and milk fetches lower prices (Image: Sneha Richhariya)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Buffalo milk<\/strong><\/td>October-March<\/strong><\/td>April-September (lean period)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
SNF (solid-not-fat) content<\/td>9.2%<\/td>8.8%<\/td><\/tr>
Fat content<\/td>6.6%<\/td>6.0%<\/td><\/tr>
Cow milk<\/strong><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr>
SNF content<\/td>8.6%<\/td>8.0%<\/td><\/tr>
Fat content<\/td>4.5%<\/td>4.0%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

An industry blinkered by target-chasing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Launched a decade ago, the Indian government\u2019s National Livestock Mission aims to boost productivity and fodder production in the sector, but it fails<\/a> to consider the impact of climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth consulted Namrata Ginoya, senior manager of the Resilience and Energy programme at the World Resources Institute India. She has studied<\/a> adaptations to climate change in dairy farming, and says farmers are beginning to understand how climate variability and its impacts on rainfall, heat and moisture will affect their cropping systems. On the other hand, she notes there is still insufficient information available to farmers on how rising heat stress could affect their cattle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe dairy sector in north and west India now relies on cooperative societies like Amul, which depend on small farmers with few cattle,\u201d explains Ginoya. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

India\u2019s remarkable position as the world\u2019s largest milk producer rests on the structure of these dairy cooperatives, as well as a national programme to expand<\/a> milk production that began in 1970. The majority of milk producers in such cooperatives are small farms with limited resources. \u201cWith [the impact of] climate change, many small farmers can no longer afford to keep livestock,\u201d Ginoya adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe government is not yet focusing on climatic variations,\u201d adds Singh. \u201cRight now, the focus is on achieving higher milk production.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021, the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying began to implement a national action plan<\/a> for dairy development, with a goal of doubling 2016\u2019s national milk production rates by 2024. In 2022, Uttar Pradesh published a five-year promotion policy<\/a> for its milk products and dairy development. Its 11 objectives do not explicitly consider the impacts of climate change. So far, there is little public data available on how these projects have progressed.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dairy sector emissions: A loop paradox?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Climate change negatively impacts the productive performance of meat and dairy livestock<\/a>, but this is a two-way relationship: livestock farming intensifies climate change by contributing substantially to greenhouse gas emissions. Compared across a 20-year period, methane emissions (such as those created by livestock digestive processes) have 86 times the global heating potential of carbon dioxide<\/a>; methane breaks down in the atmosphere after approximately 10 years, while carbon dioxide persists for 300-1,000 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth consulted V Beena, a veterinary physiology professor at the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University: \u201cIn India, carbon emissions from livestock farming may not be as significant as in western countries, where large numbers of animals are raised for meat, leading to high methane emissions. Here, mixed farming, with livestock and plantations, helps in carbon sequestration, making many farms close to carbon-neutral.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere is a need for farms to undergo carbon assessments, and a licensing system could ensure that each farm maintains carbon neutrality,\u201d Beena adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tentative solutions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research launched<\/a> the National Innovations in Climate-Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project in 2011. An attempt to mitigate climate change impacts in the agricultural sector, the project focuses on research, technology demonstrations and awareness-raising. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNICRA has produced valuable findings, such as identifying genetic traits in indigenous cattle breeds for better productivity and resilience to weather conditions,\u201d says Gaurav. \u201cIt has piloted studies in 151 climatically vulnerable districts with promising results, but further knowledge dissemination and policy integration is lacking.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, there are few ways for farmers like Chandan Singh to recoup their losses. The government\u2019s livestock insurance scheme only covers<\/a> losses attributable to death. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

In response to a Right-to-Information request filed by Dialogue Earth, the Uttar Pradesh Dairy Development Board revealed that between April 2008 and March 2024, a total of 840,063 dairy animals were insured under this insurance scheme. Between April and August 2024, another 53,962 were added. During the financial year 2017-18, the highest rates of insurance occurred, when 204,296 animals became covered. During 2009-10, only 7,808 became covered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During 2018-19, there were 19 and 33 million cattle and buffalo respectively in Uttar Pradesh, according to the government\u2019s livestock census<\/a> of 2019. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Therefore, during the past 15 years, the percentage of dairy animals insured in Uttar Pradesh has never been higher than 0.4%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some private firms, like DeHaat<\/a> in Bihar and the Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (known as Milma in Kerala and Kutch Milk Union in Gujarat), are piloting heat-based cattle insurance. DeHaat\u2019s head of dairy input, Digvijay Singh, says the company registered 4,500 farmers when it rolled out its scheme this March, covering them from April to July. DeHaat ultimately paid out approximately 55 claims for that period. The company aims to expand the scheme in 2025 to cover longer time periods.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The impacts of climate change, particularly high heat, are impacting milk production and the revenue of the small farmers dependent on it<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000621,"featured_media":60050601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,763],"tags":[519,546,50040749],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000111],"class_list":["post-60050562","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-food","tag-climate-impacts","tag-food-security","tag-livelihoods","country-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndia\u2019s milk industry struggles as the climate changes | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The impacts of climate change, particularly high heat, are impacting milk production and the revenue of the small farmers dependent on it\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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