{"id":60054484,"date":"2024-10-17T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-17T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60054484"},"modified":"2024-11-11T16:29:11","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T16:29:11","slug":"a-tipping-point-for-mangrove-restoration-and-shrimp-farming-in-indonesia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/a-tipping-point-for-mangrove-restoration-and-shrimp-farming-in-indonesia\/","title":{"rendered":"A tipping point for mangrove restoration and shrimp farming in Indonesia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Mahakam River flows for 900km from the highlands of central Borneo through thick rainforest before fanning into a lush delta that feeds the Makassar Strait. Once dense with mangroves and palms, the wetland islands protected coastal communities, supported biodiversity and served as a significant carbon sink.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the 1980s<\/a>, shrimp ponds began replacing the mangroves. By 2020, around half<\/a> of the delta\u2019s forests were lost due to weak regulatory enforcement and inadequate environmental protection. This large-scale deforestation increased the area\u2019s vulnerability to climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"a<\/div>
The wetland islands of the Mahakam Delta were once dense with mangroves (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"Aerial<\/div>
Today, around half of those forests have been replaced by aquaculture ponds (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

In response, several mangrove restoration programmes were launched by the Indonesian government, with a major reforestation project first announced in 2000<\/a>, \u201cbut the expected outcome was not achieved\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experts say poor methodology and limited practical support are to blame for the programme failures, exacerbating the communities’ vulnerability to natural hazards like erosion and storm surges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shrimp farmers fear mangroves could attract dangerous wildlife, like crocodiles<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"a<\/div>
Without the protective barrier provided by the mangroves, the area is more vulnerable to coastal erosion and storm surges (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Erosion blights delta communities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

One night in April, Muklis, a 40-year-old shrimp farmer, woke up to water flooding the floor of his wooden stilt house in Tani Baru, a village in East Kalimantan. Muklis, the village chief, had lived there his whole life and never seen such a severe storm. \u201cThe wave was so strong that it reached two metres [above my house],\u201d Muklis told Dialogue Earth in June.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The wave was so strong it reached two metres above my house<\/blockquote>Muklis<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The storm destroyed a four-hectare pond, costing him tens of millions of rupiah (hundreds of USD) in revenue. Erosion events have intensified, Muklis said, especially during Indonesia\u2019s windy seasons, from February to May and July to October, which combined with pollution and disease, have led to declining shrimp seedling survival rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe try to plant [mangroves], we’ve made efforts, but with erosion, nothing survives,\u201d Muklis explained, reflecting on repeated planting failures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Shrimp farmer Muklis lost one of his aquaculture ponds during a severe storm earlier this year (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

As mangrove forests have been depleted, shrimp farming yields in the delta have dropped drastically, with studies showing only one good harvest every four cycles, averaging yields of 45 kg\/ha\/year,<\/a> a mere 10% of the yield seen in better-managed systems in places like Vietnam. Making matters worse, export prices have plummeted, said Muklis \u2013 from IDR 220,000 (USD 14) per kilogram before the pandemic to just IDR 150,000 (USD 9) today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some farmers are trying to stick it out. Andi Tenri Ajeng, also 40 and from Tani Baru village, has started catching crabs to supplement his income as yields from his seven-hectare pond decline. \u201cThe condition of the pond has changed; it now needs fertiliser, so costs are higher,\u201d he explained, adding that renting equipment for pond repairs also increases expenses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Switching to crabs has proved profitable for Andi. \u201cIn mangroves, one crab can weigh up to 1kg, outside mangroves, crabs are smaller,\u201d he said. Despite making USD 34 a day from catching crabs, his take-home pay averages around USD 18 after costs, like bait and fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"A<\/div>
Andi Tenri Ajeng paddles into the mangroves to set rakkang<\/em>, traditional nets used to catch crabs (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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The crabs provide Andi with much-needed additional income now that the yields from his shrimp pond are falling (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Many others have already left. Local registry records shared with Dialogue Earth, show that Tani Baru\u2019s population decreased by more than 15% between 2019 and 2024 \u2013 from 3,798 to 3,206. Bagas, the village secretary who shared these stats, confirmed that many residents left on account of local conditions that had led to a drop in aquaculture yields.  \u201cTheir land has turned into the sea, so what else can they do?\u201d  Muklis asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On a tour of the village, Muklis showed how his shrimp pond had shrunk from 10 hectares in the 1990s to just four hectares today. \u201cThere was a cemetery here, but it’s submerged now,” he also recalled, highlighting how erosion has claimed both productive land and community history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erosion has claimed both productive land and community history<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ecosystem disruption and the fight for survival<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Indonesia\u2019s mangrove forests are the world\u2019s largest, spanning 3.5 million hectares<\/a> \u2013 about a quarter<\/a> of the global total. Yet, about one million hectares<\/a> have been lost to aquaculture since 1800.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The shift toward shrimp farming nationally was driven by a combination<\/a> of government support, global market demand and the 1980 trawl ban<\/a> on destructive fishing nets, which followed widespread concern over the environmental and economic impacts. Shrimp farming emerged as a lucrative alternative. Spurred by government<\/a> incentives, many coastal farmers across the archipelago converted large areas of mangrove forests into shrimp ponds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Aerial<\/div>
Dead mangroves in an aquaculture pond in the Mahakam Delta (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 1989<\/a>, 98% of the Mahakam Delta was mangrove forest, with shrimp ponds covering just 2%. By 2020, the balance had shifted \u2013 mangrove forests covered just 45% and shrimp ponds 55%. Today, Indonesia is one of the largest exporters<\/a> of shrimp, with over 241,000 metric tonnes<\/a> exported in 2022. As the forests were cleared, their ability to trap sediment and prevent coastal erosion diminished, along with their capacity to support biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cErosion can happen naturally, but if you remove the mangroves, there\u2019s nothing to hold back the sea,\u201d said Rustam, a forestry researcher at Mulawarman University. He said mangroves protect the delta and the local food chain, as many fish breed in mangrove forests. \u201cAnd those fish are also a key food source for humans,\u201d he explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Mangrove roots trap sediment and prevent erosion. The calm, brackish waters around them also provide a safe nursery for fish (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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The traditional fishing village of Tani Baru is on a delta tributary that runs through thick mangrove forest, some of which is still intact (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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While areas around the village have been converted to aquaculture ponds, many residents still benefit from the fish they can catch in the river and at sea, thanks to the breeding grounds provided by the mangroves (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The loss of mangroves has increased risk for humans, too. Crocodiles, deprived of their natural habitat, are venturing into shrimp and fish ponds, putting farmers in danger. \u201cRecently, many residents have been attacked [by crocodiles],\u201d said Ambo Ufe, a resident of Muara Pantuan, a village two kilometres south of Tani Baru. This growing threat has caused fear to spread among villagers, who now avoid venturing near the ponds after dark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like others, Ambo has diversified from shrimp farming and now catches fish, crabs and blood clams (Tegillarca granosa<\/em>), which he sells for IDR 25,000 (USD 1.5) per kg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a<\/div>
Bagas, Tani Baru village secretary, is joined by his wife, as they hunt for blood clams near a gas well (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"a<\/div>
They can sell the clams for USD 1.50 a kilo, a useful addition to the family income (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"clams<\/div>
The clams are shucked by hand to prepare them for market (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Failed mangrove programmes and the path forward<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The East Kalimantan administration, which oversees the Mahakam Delta, set an ambitious target to restore 27,244 hectares<\/a> of mangroves from 2021 to 2024. As of mid-2023, only 5,769 hectares had been successfully rehabilitated. Data shared exclusively with Dialogue Earth showed that the Peatland and Mangrove Restoration Agency (BRGM) exceeded its own restoration goal of 4,216 hectares, but this still falls far short of the targets set by the East Kalimantan administration\u2019s Ministry of Forestry. This disparity highlights how objectives can differ across government agencies. However, experts note that while planting trees is crucial, maintaining them, especially in erosion-prone areas, is equally vital for long-term success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the reforestation programmes began, most delta villagers, like Muklis, Andi and Ambo, recognised the importance of mangroves for providing food for fish and preventing erosion. Participation in several government-run planting programmes was high. But Muklis said the schemes were ineffective, lacking wave barriers, such as concrete blocks<\/a>, to prevent erosion.

\u201cWe planted five mangrove seedlings per hole, hoping at least two or three would grow. But none of them lived,\u201d he explained. Despite persistent efforts, he said every attempt to restore the mangroves had failed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Mangrove<\/div>
Mangrove seedlings planted in a shrimp pond in the village of Muara Pantuan (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Syaiful Ahyar, head of the Mahakam Delta Forest Management Unit, one of several local government bodies tasked with overseeing reforestation efforts, admitted that farmers were reluctant to support programmes due to concerns over crocodiles and water contamination. He recognised restoration efforts had been suboptimal and said: \u201cWe are currently evaluating the failures.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hartono, head of BRGM, also acknowledged the difficulties in sustaining these programmes, citing a lack of maintenance funding. The National Economic Recovery (PEN) Programme includes funds for planting but not for upkeep, he explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"A<\/div>
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Aquaculture farmers Pala and Wahyudi (holding the crab) at their ponds in Muara Pantuan. For mangrove restoration programmes to succeed, academic Esti Handayani Hardi argues communities need proper guidance and support (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Esti Handayani Hardi, a fisheries researcher at Mulawarman University, was critical of the government\u2019s approach, saying: \u201cPromises have not significantly improved livelihoods. Basic needs remain unmet, and that is the core issue.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basic needs remain unmet, and that is the core issue<\/blockquote>Esti Handayani Hardi<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Communities are not responsible for the failures, she said. Although they understand the loss of mangroves has decreased productivity and increased vulnerability, they feel overwhelmed. She attributed much of the confusion to poor communication between government agencies, which left people unsure of what to do. \u201cTheir confusion stems from a lack of knowledge and proper guidance,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div>
Indri, a headteacher in Tani Baru, explains that many aquaculture farmers in her community don\u2019t understand the importance of restoring mangroves (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Esti\u2019s observations echo those of key community figures, including Indri, head of Tani Baru Elementary School, who agreed about the widespread confusion among villagers. She explained the difficulty in persuading villagers to plant mangroves, which are seen as a threat to local livelihoods. She noted that mangrove forests near homes led to mosquito infestations, while those near ponds can become crocodile habitats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf the results are proven, farmers will want to adopt the method, and others will follow,\u201d said Indri. \u201cBut if the results are bad, the community won\u2019t be interested.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can mangroves and shrimp farming work together?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Silvo-aquaculture has been suggested as a potential solution for the Mahakam Delta, integrating mangroves into shrimp farms to benefit both the environment and shrimp production. Esti highlighted two methods: empang parit<\/em> (trench pond), which involves digging a canal around a shrimp pond and planting mangroves, and komplangan<\/em>, which keeps mangroves around the pond while keeping the pond itself clear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After three years of trials in East Kalimantan, Esti told Dialogue Earth that her research concluded<\/a> that the komplangan <\/em>model \u201chas been more effective, yielding twice the harvest of the trench pond model due to better water filtration and nutrient circulation\u201d. She added: \u201cFarmers using the komplangan <\/em>model have seen their income nearly double compared to those using traditional methods.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a<\/div>
Esti shows the extensive mangrove loss in the Mahakam Delta since the 1990s; she is researching how silvo-aquaculture can make shrimp farming more sustainable (Image: Muhibar Sobary Ardan \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
If mangrove clearance continues unchecked, the Mahakam Delta will be nothing but a memory<\/blockquote>Esti Handayani Hardi<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

She insisted that it is not the silvo-aquaculture methods that are flawed, but their implementation. Success should be measured by long-lasting results, not just the number of trees planted. \u201cThere needs to be land rehabilitation first, addressing hydrology and substrate contours,\u201d she said, without which mangrove roots remain vulnerable and can be washed away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esti cited a successful example in Muara Badak, some 25km north of Tani Baru, where community awareness and cooperation have led to improvements. \u201cThe community here has been practicing silvo-aquaculture for over five years, and it has improved shrimp yields and enhanced biodiversity,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esti stressed the importance of acting before it’s too late. \u201cIf the pattern of mangrove clearance continues unchecked, the Mahakam Delta will be nothing but a memory,\u201d she warned.

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is a collaboration between Dialogue Earth and the Wilson Center\u2019s <\/i>China Environment Forum<\/a> and the<\/em> East-West Center<\/a> on <\/em>Vulnerable Deltas<\/em><\/a>. The project is supported by the Luce Foundation<\/a>.<\/em>

You can read the first installment of the Vulnerable Deltas series here: How China’s most ‘futuristic’ city restored its mangroves<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Shrimp farming in Borneo’s Mahakam Delta has destroyed mangroves, threatening ecosystems and livelihoods. Can restoration balance farming with conservation?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000631,"featured_media":60054516,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039902,764,50039901],"tags":[40027751,511,523],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040717],"class_list":["post-60054484","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests","category-nature","category-ocean","tag-aquaculture","tag-biodiversity","tag-conservation","country-indonesia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA tipping point for mangrove restoration and shrimp farming in Indonesia | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shrimp farming in Borneo's Mahakam Delta has destroyed mangroves, threatening ecosystems and livelihoods. 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