{"id":60059909,"date":"2024-11-13T15:37:13","date_gmt":"2024-11-13T15:37:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60059909"},"modified":"2024-11-20T06:39:39","modified_gmt":"2024-11-20T06:39:39","slug":"the-struggle-to-save-zimbabwes-dying-wetlands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/the-struggle-to-save-zimbabwes-dying-wetlands\/","title":{"rendered":"The struggle to save Zimbabwe\u2019s dying wetlands"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Budiriro 1 and Budiriro 5, two high-density suburbs of Harare in Zimbabwe, were once separated by a wetland. Now, they are separated by \u201cBudiriro 3 Extension\u201d, an illegally built settlement of temporary homes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a result of this development, important functions performed by the wetland have been lost, causing flooding, frequent sewer outbursts and increased levels of phosphorus<\/a> in the water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is not an isolated case. A 2020 UN Development Programme report<\/a> found that in Harare alone, there were \u201c30 wetlands under threat from illegal settlements\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the government has made the right noises about protecting these wetlands, it has been accused of not backing up its words with action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Residents of the new settlement moved there because they needed a home. But they also describe the conditions as beneficial to them, despite the problems they bring. Dialogue Earth spoke to Mary Tawarimira, a Budiriro 3 Extension resident: \u201cIt makes urban cultivation viable. It is also cost-effective, especially at a time when there is a scramble to own land.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Living near the wetlands<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Claud Kaharo, a Budiriro 5 resident, says the impact on his community is worst during the rainy season: \u201cPreviously, the rainwater will get into the storm drains and [be] directed into the wetland, and the wetland will absorb the water. However, over the years that has not been happening due to human habitation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This means water floods the streets, which brings mosquitoes<\/a> \u2013 and malaria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe fact is that in most of these open spaces, people have started putting up illegal structures and doing cultivation on wetlands. Moreover, they are dumping rubbish everywhere [and] as a result there is a bad stench,\u201d adds Kaharo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is also important to note that due to water shortages and the resulting consumption of contaminated water, Budiriro is a hotspot for outbreaks of cholera and other diarrhoea-related diseases. As a result, during the rainy season these waterborne diseases become more rampant.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
Longcheng Plaza, built on restricted wetlands in the Zimbabwean capital Harare (Image: Global Press \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A natural resource under threat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

According to the Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association (ZELA), wetlands cover 3%<\/a> of Zimbabwe\u2019s area, while the country has seven<\/a> Wetlands of International Importance. ZELA also states that 21% of the country\u2019s wetlands are stable, whereas 18% are severely degraded and 61% moderately degraded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Leonard Unganai, a climate science expert at Oxfam, a huge element of this degradation is caused by human activity \u2013 particularly urban expansion and uncontrolled arable agriculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In its 2021 report<\/a> on the complex challenges of wetlands protection, ZELA decries the practice of turning wetlands into residential areas. It says some now act as a \u201chive of commercial activities where service stations, housing communities and other business-related facilities have taken over\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Christopher Gohori, senior programmes officer for the local grassroots organisation Community Water Alliance, says climate change is another root cause for the degradation of the wetlands: \u201cDue to poor rainfall and droughts, people are resorting to cultivation on wetlands where they believe they can harvest more in the event that there is erratic rainfall.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Agricultural activities on wetlands destroy their natural functions, he adds: \u201cWetlands perform flood attenuation services, slowing down the flow of water and absorbing it, reducing flash floods. However, due to climate change, this service is no longer available as people are now doing farming on the natural water infrastructure.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UN Development Programme states<\/a> wetlands perform other important functions too, such as removing pollutants, serving as wildlife habitats, and acting as groundwater recharge systems. Wetlands also capture and store atmospheric carbon dioxide, allowing it to be converted into other carbon compounds and cellulose and thus mitigating global heating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unganai explains that wetlands interact with the climate system in a number of ways, particularly when there is declining rainfall. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe really need to look at the potential role that wetlands play in terms of biodiversity conservation, livelihood support and also in terms of the climate system, not only in Zimbabwe but globally,\u201d he adds. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Community efforts in vain<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There have been community initiatives aimed at stopping cultivation on wetlands, but some residents have carried on. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey are of the view that if they stop the cultivation \u2013 where most of them derive their livelihoods, as they are unemployed \u2013 how are they going to survive?\u201d says Kaharo. \u201cIn the cities, the only areas for cultivation are mainly on wetlands.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaharo says a residents\u2019 group called Budiriro Water Foundation has been formed to educate communities on the importance of wetlands as sources of water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe have also tried to engage local authorities including councillors, members of parliament in our areas, and the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate, but all these efforts have been in vain, as they have not been able or willing to stop human activities that are causing a threat to wetlands,\u201d Kaharo notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Call for coordinated efforts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There have also been national interventions to save Zimbabwe\u2019s wetlands. The Conservation Society of Monavale (COSMO), a support group founded in 2005, took it upon itself to promote and protect Monavale Vlei<\/a> in Harare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miombo<\/p>

An East African term for a dry, wooded area with\u00a0sparse,\u00a0deciduous\u00a0plants<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Characterised by miombo woodlands, Monavale Vlei is an urban wetland. Another of Zimbabwe\u2019s Wetlands of International Importance, it plays an important role in the fragile ecosystem of the Manyame Basin, the main supplier of water for Harare city and its suburbs. It supports a variety of birds, mammals, rodents, amphibians and reptiles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A COSMO project manager, Dorothy Wakeling, says the Monavale Vlei community has taken significant steps to protect the wetland, collaborating with the municipality of Harare and international bodies to do so.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe community efforts include reducing biodiversity loss, restoration projects, educational walks, research, outreach to other communities, advocacy and influencing policymakers,\u201d Wakeling tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cWe have hired a conservation person who oversees the preservation of the area, and also carries out various awareness programmes to educate stakeholders on the significance of wetlands.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zimbabwe is good at formulation of policies, but we have serious challenges when it comes to implementation<\/blockquote>Christopher Gohori, senior programmes officer for Community Water Alliance<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The government of Zimbabwe, meanwhile, has produced the National Wetlands Guidelines, as well as a Zimbabwe Wetlands Map. It is also in the process of reviewing the Environmental Management Act<\/a>.\u00a0But Gohori says there has been an outcry over the lack of action by the relevant authorities, such as the Environmental Management Agency, which comes under the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate: \u201cZimbabwe is good at formulation of policies, but we have serious challenges when it comes to implementation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unganai adds that urban expansion into wetlands is the responsibility of the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing: \u201cIn as much as the Ministry of Environment is encouraging the protection of wetlands, if they don\u2019t get the support or cooperation from the Ministry of Local Government, there is no headway.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development also plays a role, in managing and promoting sustainable agricultural practices, which is crucial in regulating activity that contributes to wetland degradation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gohori believes a wetlands map highlighting ecologically sensitive parts of urban areas would help: \u201cThere is a need for the government to declare the gazetted wetlands as ecologically sensitive areas, ensuring there is no construction of buildings or farming activities.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultimately, though, Unganai says protecting wetlands must be everyone\u2019s responsibility, not just those tasked with implementing policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere is a need for collaboration among different ministries,\u201d he says. \u201cDifferent ministries are supposed to be coordinating their efforts to make sure that wetlands are protected.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zimbabwe\u2019s wetlands are under threat from urban expansion and unsustainable agriculture. Can state and community efforts reverse the damage?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4053,"featured_media":60059919,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[764],"tags":[519,537,608],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040746],"class_list":["post-60059909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nature","tag-climate-impacts","tag-ecosystems","tag-wetlands","country-zimbabwe"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe struggle to save Zimbabwe\u2019s dying wetlands | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Zimbabwe\u2019s wetlands are under threat from urban expansion and unsustainable agriculture. 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