{"id":60060801,"date":"2024-11-21T16:01:17","date_gmt":"2024-11-21T16:01:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60060801"},"modified":"2024-12-19T17:22:33","modified_gmt":"2024-12-19T17:22:33","slug":"fishing-rows-leave-antarctic-protections-dead-in-the-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/fishing-rows-leave-antarctic-protections-dead-in-the-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Fishing rows leave Antarctic protections dead in the water"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For emperor penguins, crabeater seals and humpback whales living in the sea off the frozen Antarctic Peninsula, one thing is a staple on their menu: shrimp-like, thumb-length, fast-swimming krill. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the chase for krill has become increasingly competitive in recent years, as humans seek more fish feed for aquaculture. Industrial fishing vessels that have long caught these crustaceans in the Southern Ocean have begun casting their nets closer<\/a> to hotspots where penguins breed and whales hunt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shielding marine animals in the Southern Ocean from fishing and other threats such as climate change has been strenuous for conservationists. October\u2019s annual meeting of the Southern Ocean conservation body, the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), saw no progress on adding a new marine protected area (MPA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What are marine protected areas (MPAs)?<\/span><\/span>
\n

MPAs<\/a> are areas of the ocean designed to protect animals, habitats and important ecosystem functions from the impacts of human activities. They enjoy different levels of protection: some have rules strictly prohibiting all human activities while others allow some access for leisure, fishing and other use.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Worse, say some commentators, the meeting even failed to extend a rule that spreads krill fishing evenly to minimise impact, allowing it to expire instead. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA lot of work had gone on before the meeting and in the first week and it was very positive. When the whole thing fell apart in the last two days, it was brutal,\u201d says Lynda Goldsworthy, a research fellow at the University of Tasmania\u2019s Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CCAMLR meetings have now failed to agree on a new marine protection area in the Southern Ocean for eight years in a row.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russia and China, which have been most opposed to MPAs historically, again rejected protection measures campaigners hoped would be adopted at the meeting in late October. Krill fishing served as a flash point. \u201c[China] went into the meeting with a krill fishery expansion as their priority,\u201d says Goldsworthy.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With China asserting its fisheries interests and Russia\u2019s continuing, unswerving objections to conservation measures, experts say CCAMLR \u2013 a body that once sat at the forefront of ocean protection \u2013 has reached an existential crossroads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deal breakers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This year, CCAMLR member states went the extra mile to break a long-running deadlock on protected areas by having a pre-meeting<\/a> in July. Negotiators chewed over a plan that would increase krill catch. Since 2000, a precautionary limit<\/a> of 620,000 tonnes per year has been in place for so-called \u201carea 48\u201d, which includes the peninsula and is where most krill fishing occurs. National delegations also discussed a proposed protected area<\/a> around the Western Antarctic Peninsula, where krill fishing, tourism and warming<\/a> are more intense than in other Antarctic waters.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is CCAMLR?<\/span>
\n

The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) was established in 1982. It was born at a time when the Soviet Union had an expanding<\/a> fishery in Antarctica. CCAMLR has carried on overseeing marine life in the Southern Ocean since the end of the cold war and grown to 27 members, including the EU, Russia and China. Member states meet annually in Hobart, Australia to mainly discuss conservation and fisheries management. Any changes require the agreement of all member states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Observers say the July meeting ended positively, with an acknowledgement that increased krill catches and plans for a new protected area should proceed together. But at the official meeting in October, this compromise collapsed with no movement on either measure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth was told that after the collapse of the deal, China refused<\/a> to extend an existing conservation measure<\/a> that controls the distribution of krill catches among area 48\u2019s fishing sub-areas. This means all 620,000 tonnes could in theory be harvested from just one small area.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

According to the preliminary report<\/a> of the October meeting, China\u2019s delegation said krill fishing rules should follow advice first issued by CCAMLR\u2019s scientific committee in 2022. That advice<\/a> says raising the catch limit for area 48.1 (part of area 48) to 668,101 tonnes would be permissible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China\u2019s delegates added that the revision on catch limits \u201cdid not need to be tied directly to the adoption of an MPA\u201d, and there is \u201cno scientific basis\u201d to argue that an MPA should be created before adopting a fishery rule. They also pointed to their past contributions to MPA discussions, and expressed hope that member states will eventually reach a consensus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The expiration of the rule on krill catch distribution \u201cwas not a request, but rather was a natural outcome of its text\u201d, they added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many researchers also think the total krill catch for Antarctica could safely increase with conservation measures, such as the proposed protected areas, in place. But there are concerns about concentrating fishing in particular areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth spoke to Holly Curry from the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, an international union of marine preservation organisations. \u201cIf you are a penguin or a whale, if you live in a specific area that is experiencing concentrated krill fishing, you are going to be disproportionately impacted by that. We are unfortunately worse off now than a year ago, which is very distressing,\u201d she says. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The big hunt for a tiny catch <\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Soviet Union boats once dominated the Southern Ocean krill fishery. Since the union\u2019s collapse, Russia\u2019s influence has been much diminished. \u201cThey don\u2019t have any real krill fishing interest anymore,\u201d says Liu Nengye, an associate law professor at the Singapore Management University who works on ocean and environmental topics. He says Russia\u2019s constant rejection of conservation proposals is \u201cpretty much trying to justify their presence [at CCAMLR].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike its northern neighbour, China owns an expanding distant-water fishing fleet. \u201cThey may cap the numbers of the fleet, but their capacity is still growing,\u201d Liu says. \u201cThat\u2019s why they see CCAMLR waters as a potential available space [for growth].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In September, a shipbuilder in China\u2019s south-eastern province of Fujian launched<\/a> its newly developed Antarctic krill fishing and processing vessel \u2013 the largest in the country. Named Fuyuanyu 9199, it cost the company over CNY 600<\/a> million (USD 80 million), according to Chinese media reports. At least one other privately funded Chinese vessel<\/a> is in the pipeline. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

China is also increasing its Antarctic scientific research. Its 40th Antarctic expedition, which ended in April<\/a>, with its Xuelong polar icebreaker investigating<\/a> krill distribution and other topics.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a<\/div>
A scientist examines krill in the Antarctic. There is increasing interest in understanding the tiny creatures, to aid both conservation and exploitation (Imago \/ Xinhua \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

All these ambitions come from the top and serve China\u2019s aspiration<\/a> to build \u201ca strong marine<\/a> nation\u201d. Accordingly, its current five-year plan<\/a> for national fisheries development specifies the need to \u201cdevelop polar fisheries orderly and steadily\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another official policy paper on distant-water fishing, released in 2022 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in response to the five-year plan, set out<\/a> to improve compliance with CCAMLR\u2019s rules. It guides relevant government departments to \u201cactively participate in the affairs of CCAMLR and strictly implement conservation measures.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

China comes second to Norway as the world\u2019s most extractive fisher of Antarctic krill. Chile, South Korea and Ukraine also<\/a> actively harvest krill. Norway, however, has supported protection proposals despite its krill interests, say CCAMLR watchers. It has not been among those blocking the Antarctic Peninsula MPA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A more assertive China <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Safeguarding its fishing interests was what chiefly impelled China to join CCAMLR in 2007, Liu says. At that time, four Chinese-flagged fishing vessels were on CCAMLR\u2019s blacklist for illegal fishing and the government wanted them to be delisted, according to his research. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

After joining the commission, China did not exercise its veto right when CCAMLR designated its first marine protected area, the South Orkney Islands Southern Shelf, in 2009. China also supported a second MPA in the Southern Ocean\u2019s Ross Sea in 2016. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, Liu says, China\u2019s delegation has grown more assertive on fishing issues. For instance, it has argued \u201cno-take\u201d protected areas that ban all fishing violate CCAMLR\u2019s rules, which state that \u201cconservation includes rational use\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The country\u2019s delegation also argued<\/a> for more stringent requirements for creating protected areas. \u201cThey are essentially saying that you can establish MPAs, but the threshold needs to be very high, meaning that you need to have baseline data and specific conservation goals,\u201d says Liu. \u201cThey set the bar very high.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Domestically, Chinese scientists have voiced<\/a> scepticism about Antarctic protected areas. They have said proposals at CCAMLR lack scientific evidence and data to prove both necessity and cost-effectiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cProposed management measures should be based on the \u2018best available science\u2019 rather than subjective, incomplete knowledge,\u201d wrote<\/a> two Shanghai Ocean University scientists in a 2022 paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCreating MPAs without sufficient scientific basis does not help conserve Antarctic living resources effectively and may also increase the risk of Antarctic governance being monopolised.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plotting future courses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

After another year of CCAMLR stalemate, observers and campaigners are scratching their heads for a way forward. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liu says CCAMLR could uphold \u201cbusiness as usual\u201d, meaning it would not adopt new conservation measures and protected areas, but would continue to manage fisheries and enforce the two existing MPAs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A worse option, he says, would be a dysfunctional CCAMLR, in which intensified disputes over protected areas exacerbate disagreement on other issues, including fisheries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another scenario, members could change the focus of discussions to accommodate China\u2019s positions. For example, says Liu, members could put aside discussion of new protected areas and \u201cdo other things with conservation in mind\u201d, such as improving the regulation of research fishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Goldsworthy says China is already pushing the commission away from a body mainly focused on conservation to one that focuses mainly on regulating fisheries. But she is not ready to give up on Antarctic protected areas yet. She thinks krill fishing is still a legitimate lever, as member states can refuse any requests to raise the krill catch limit or open new fisheries unless a new MPA deal is clinched. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cUnless we have an MPA dotted and crossed, then no, we\u2019re not going to expand the krill fishing,\u201d she says. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China is taking an assertive role in the Southern Ocean, joining Russia to block marine protection as it chases the krill catch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3906,"featured_media":60060825,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039901],"tags":[50041633,545,40027778],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110,50040737],"class_list":["post-60060801","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ocean","tag-antarctica","tag-fisheries","tag-marine-protection","country-china","country-russia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFishing rows leave Antarctic protections dead in the water | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China is taking an assertive role in the Southern Ocean, joining Russia to block marine protection as it chases the krill catch\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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