{"id":60069151,"date":"2025-01-29T11:46:26","date_gmt":"2025-01-29T11:46:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60069151"},"modified":"2025-02-04T10:10:39","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T10:10:39","slug":"climate-change-could-submerge-the-gambias-capital","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/climate-change-could-submerge-the-gambias-capital\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate change could submerge The Gambia\u2019s capital"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The existence of Gambia\u2019s capital, Banjul, is under threat from rising sea levels and flash flooding<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many people, including residents and fishers, have been displaced, while businesses and offices have moved away to safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experts have long warned that a one-metre rise in global sea levels could submerge<\/a> the two-century-old city, and that urgent intervention is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In July and August 2022, The Gambia recorded its heaviest flooding in decades following torrential rain, causing widespread damage to homes and businesses. Over 50,000 people were affected and over 7,000 displaced, according to a report<\/a> by UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination.

Banjul was hardest hit<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why is Banjul vulnerable?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The capital\u2019s vulnerability stems from both natural and human-induced factors. Rising sea levels pose a serious threat to the low-lying city, and the situation has been worsened by commercial sand mining, especially at Denton Bridge which links the capital to the rest of the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As well as diminishing a natural barrier against flooding, the sand mining has displaced women gardeners who grow crops such as onions, cabbage and hibiscus for personal use and to sell in markets. It has degraded ecosystems, including 5,000 mangroves<\/a> <\/strong>and thousands of coconut trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe sand mining has devastated our lives,\u201d said Aminata Jatta, a 60-year-old gardener and single mother of six. \u201cI depend on this [work] for survival, but that survival is being destroyed, and nothing is being done about it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fatoumatta Jallow, a climate advocate, echoed her concern: \u201cThis mining must stop to protect our city.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Banka Manneh, public relations officer for sand-mining firm Sino Majilac Jalback, defended the company\u2019s activities in Banjul: \u201cOur dredging mitigates erosion and flooding; it doesn\u2019t cause it.\u201d Manneh cited previous projects he claimed had saved Banjul\u2019s cemetery and industrial sites. However, it appears no assessment has been carried out to back up this assertion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mangrove cutting in wetlands is another problem. This practice, often to create space for industrial activities, weakens the protective role of mangroves against flooding, erosion and storm surges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A capital in decline<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBanjul feels like a ghost city,\u201d lamented resident Mariam Sibo Gassamal. Many government officials, including the mayor, now live outside the capital, commuting in only for work. Banjul\u2019s population has fallen from nearly 45,000 in 1983 to about 26,000 in 2024, according to preliminary results of the 2024 census<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research conducted by Nfamara K. Dampha, a Gambian research scientist at the University of Minnesota, revealed<\/a> that 64% of Banjul households surveyed in 2020 intended to migrate by 2050, in part due to the impacts of climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Sisay, a Sierra Leonean refugee, said he has stayed in Banjul because of its affordable rent compared to the surrounding urban areas known as the Kombos. He acknowledges the associated hazards. \u201cI stayed because I can\u2019t afford the rent of the Kombos, but life here is hard, especially during the rainy season.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rising sea levels and frequent flooding make life increasingly untenable, according to Amadou Wurry Jallow, a climate activist and Banjul resident. \u201cOver 1,000 Banjulians migrate to the Kombos each year,\u201d he says, putting this partly down to worsening environmental conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impact on fishing and trade<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Banjul is a hub for fishing, oyster farming and trade because of its coastal position and possession of the country\u2019s only international seaport. Climate change has been crippling these activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe sea is changing our way of life,\u201d says oyster harvester Naa Amie Touray. Rising salinity, habitat erosion and pollution are hitting oyster populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fishers are also being forced to relocate. Sainey Mbye moved to Tanji, 50 kilometres from Banjul, because of rising sea levels and as the loss of fish habitats near Banjul made fishing unsustainable. \u201cThe fish have moved to other areas,\u201d he says. \u201cThere\u2019s almost nothing left here.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ndangan, a fishing and oyster-farming community on the outskirts of Banjul, is also fighting for survival due to rising sea levels. \u201cOur livelihoods are under threat. During the rainy season, floods destroy everything,\u201d says Augustus Sanyang, 31, the head of the settlement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saffie Sanyang, a 45-year-old oyster harvester, says the venture has plummeted as the rising sea erodes mangroves vital to oysters and marine life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
A fisher waits to make a catch in the mangroves of Denton Bridge near Banjul. The destruction of mangroves around Banjul is impacting fisheries and diminishing the city\u2019s natural barrier against flooding (Image: Liam Bunce \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Gambia Ports Authority (GPA) predicted<\/a> in 2022 that Banjul\u2019s port could lose 3% of its revenue annually <\/strong>due to climate-related challenges. \u201cWe are implementing adaptation measures to ensure our infrastructure remains climate-proof,\u201d says Ousman Jobarteh, managing director of the GPA. \u201cWe\u2019re doing everything to protect our country\u2019s port from climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He adds that the port has been working with the Global Centre on Adaptation (GCA) to \u201cclimate-proof\u201d its infrastructure, including elevating structures and pavements to reduce flooding risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The destruction of mangroves has compounded the crisis. Moses Sanyang, a fisher, alleges that the government\u2019s decision to clear mangroves along the beaches has altered the ecosystem, salinising rivers and forcing fish to migrate. \u201cOnly [juvenile fish] are left,\u201d says the 40-year-old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the youth of Ndangan are restoring mangroves through planting, Edward Sanyang, 19, has criticised government action. \u201cThey cleared mangroves for factories,\u201d he says. \u201cThey are part of the problem.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says the loss of mangrove cover means there are floods during high tides, contaminating drinking water sources and so causing diarrhoea and skin diseases. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf you had seen this place during high tide, you would be shocked,\u201d Augustus Sanyang tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cWe have been abandoned.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Tanbi Wetland under pressure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Tanbi Wetland, a 6,000-hectare ecosystem south-west of Banjul that protects the city against flooding and erosion, is also under attack. The clearing of the mangroves, which span 4,800 hectares, reportedly began around 2018-2019, shortly after the current government took charge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe importance of the wetland to Banjul is immense,\u201d says Modou Lamin Bah, a member of parliament for the Banjul North constituency. \u201cIt shields us from rising tides and floods.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sources from the capital told Dialogue Earth that large portions of the wetland have been allocated for commercial development. The names of Nessim Foam Factory, Jah Oil and a dry port operated by the GPA are clearly visible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the involvement of the government and the Banjul City Council in these land allocations remains unverified. Dialogue Earth\u2019s requests for clarification from both entities went unanswered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In response to public complaints, in May 2024 the Ministry of Land ordered<\/a> a suspension <\/strong>of all development within the Tanbi Wetland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protests and arrests of environmental activists<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2022, environmental activists who are part of the Arr Banjul Movement, which is Wolof for \u201cProtect Banjul\u201d, participated in a protest<\/a> against the excess development of the dwindling wetland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amadou Wurry Jallow was among those arrested. \u201cBanjul is all we have,\u201d he tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cWe will fight to protect it.\u201d Jallow accused the Gambian government and Banjul City Council of allocating the Tanbi Wetland to businesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dialogue Earth visited the area with Jallow in November 2024. Construction work could be seen in three areas, with workers cutting down mangroves to carry out further construction. \u201cAll this place used to be thick mangrove,\u201d Amadou said, gesturing to barren spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Activist Sulayman Njie warns of dire consequences. \u201cWithout the mangroves, Banjul\u2019s flood defences, like the reservoir, are failing. Banjul is on the brink of sinking.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flooding in the capital is becoming more frequent and severe. Ousman Sillah is a former parliamentarian for Banjul North, one of the most vulnerable<\/a> constituencies in the capital. He told Dialogue Earth that during his tenure, over 50 compounds were inundated each rainy season, displacing families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2022 and 2023 floods devastated communities like Tobacco Road, leaving hundreds homeless. Residents like Sibo are still recovering from the floods. \u201cThe flooding destroyed everything,\u201d she says. \u201cI lost my entire livelihood.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year\u2019s floods severely damaged the home of Buba (not his real name), forcing him and his family to seek refuge in schools within the capital for several weeks and eventually to migrate to Kanifing, to the west of Banjul. \u201cThat was the straw that broke the camel\u2019s back,\u201d he says. \u201cWe couldn\u2019t stay in Banjul anymore.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Visiting flash flood victims like Sibo and Buba, Gambian President Adama Barrow blamed<\/a> it on climate change, which he called a \u201cwake-up call for all of us\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lamin Komma, a coastal erosion expert at the Gambia National Environmental Agency, says: \u201cHalf of Banjul lies below sea level, with its fragile coastline at increasing risk of erosion, making the fight to protect Banjul much harder.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planting trees and mangroves: A vital solution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the face of these challenges, several initiatives have emerged in the capital to restore the mangroves that have been lost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November 2024, The Gambia secured over USD 12 million from the Global Environment Facility for the Climate-Resilient Banjul<\/a> project. Aimed at enhancing urban resilience in the Greater Banjul Area, the initiative focuses on investments in ecosystem-based adaptation and sustainable urban planning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Through waste management, tree planting, and renewable energy, we are building a sustainable, climate-resilient future<\/blockquote>Annette Anta Camara, communication and visibility manager for City Link Ostend-Banjul project<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the City Link Ostend-Banjul project has planted 5,000<\/a> coconut <\/strong>trees along the coast, 15,000 mangroves in the wetlands, including the Tanbi wetland, and 1,000 urban trees while improving waste management and promoting renewable energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"man<\/div>
Modou Lamin Bah, a member of parliament for Banjul North, plants a coconut palm as part of the City Link Ostend-Banjul project (Image: MP Bah)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThrough waste management, tree planting, and renewable energy, we are building a sustainable, climate-resilient future,\u201d says the project\u2019s communication and visibility manager Annette Anta Camara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clean Earth, an environmental NGO, has led the planting<\/a> of hundreds of mangroves and coconut trees along the coastlines, including Banjul. \u201cWe will not relent,\u201d founder Fatou Jeng tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cWe will fight to the end to protect our city.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But for Njie, the need for urgent action should go beyond tree planting. He is calling for the government to develop a comprehensive plan to save Banjul. \u201cWithout it, the city could become uninhabitable,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The clock is ticking fast, warns Njie: \u201cIf we don\u2019t act now, the city will disappear.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

With a one-metre rise in sea level likely to inundate Banjul, more and more people are abandoning the city<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000699,"featured_media":60069168,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[519,589,608],"hashtags":[],"country":[50041238],"class_list":["post-60069151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-climate-impacts","tag-sea-level-rise","tag-wetlands","country-gambia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nClimate change could submerge The Gambia\u2019s capital | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"With a one-metre rise in sea level likely to inundate Banjul, more and more people are abandoning the city\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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