{"id":60071430,"date":"2025-02-27T09:39:09","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T09:39:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60071430"},"modified":"2025-03-06T12:19:30","modified_gmt":"2025-03-06T12:19:30","slug":"thailand-bringing-back-the-bad-old-days-for-fisheries-say-activists","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/thailand-bringing-back-the-bad-old-days-for-fisheries-say-activists\/","title":{"rendered":"Thailand \u2018bringing back the bad old days\u2019 for fisheries, say activists"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Jirasak \u201cBoot\u201d Meerit left school before he was a teenager to become a fisher alongside his father. When he started a family, Meerit bought his own boat and set out to catch blue crab and mackerel in Prachuap Khiri Khan province, western Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere was fierce competition for marine resources in my day already, because large-scale commercial fishing boats were not well regulated,\u201d Meerit says. The industry was also rife with fabricated fishing permits and destructive gear, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thailand\u2019s fisheries have a long history of overexploitation, dating back to the introduction<\/a> of trawlers in the early 1960s. Following sanctions from the EU and criticism from the US, Thailand passed a landmark fisheries ordinance<\/a> in 2015. This law introduced much-needed regulations to an industry rife with labour abuse, as well as illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) catch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fish populations in areas including the Andaman Sea have since begun to rebound<\/a>. But proposed amendments to what has become known as the Fisheries Act are currently being debated by politicians. Some fishers and activists fear they will undo those gains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

On 7 February, Meerit joined dozens of other activists and fishers outside parliament in Bangkok to protest the proposed changes. They had passed<\/a> a first reading in Thailand\u2019s Senate in January and are now being debated in a special Senate committee. The Senate could approve the new legislation in a matter of weeks, sending it to the lower House for final approval. So, artisanal fishers and activists have little time to influence Thailand\u2019s legislators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though far from Meerit\u2019s own fishing grounds of Khan Kadai Bay, he is familiar with the area around the parliament. He is a member of the Federation of Thai Fisher Folk Association, which has been holding regular events in the capital to protest the proposals. Protesters decorated the area in front of parliament with fishing gear, and delivered speeches about the necessity of preserving both the ecosystem and current fishing regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a previous bout of protest, on 27 January, songs and speeches rang out in front of the Bangkok Art and Culture Centre on Bangkok\u2019s busiest road, Sukhumvit. The Sarong Warriors, an activist group from southern Thailand, stitched nets into an artwork showing solidarity with fishers, and covered it in dried anchovies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"A<\/div>
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\"A<\/div>
Members of the Sarong Warriors activism group stitch and add dried anchovies to an artwork, which was created in solidarity with fishers at a protest in January. It depicts a trawler operated by red reptiles catching fish in giant nets (Images: Tyler Roney \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Industry and slavery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Thailand\u2019s fisheries sector has long been plagued with allegations of labour abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, the US downgraded Thailand to Tier 3<\/a> (the worst ranking) in its Trafficking in Persons report, in no small part due to reports of such abuse. Forced labour and child labour were found to be endemic<\/a> on boats and in shrimp factories, and the current Fisheries Act is credited with helping to curb these practices. In 2015, the EU gave the country a \u201cyellow card<\/a>\u201d over the issue, which was rescinded once the Fisheries Act had eased concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the labour issue has come to the fore again, as the government attempts to boost the industry by amending the Fisheries Act. The Department of Fisheries says the industry supported<\/a> more than two million jobs in 2,500 fishing villages as of 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"a<\/div>
Burmese migrant workers cleaning shrimp at a market in Thailand in 2015. The country\u2019s Fisheries Act helped curb abuses such as trafficking and forced labour, which were found to be widespread on boats and in factories before 2015 (Image: Jack Kurtz \/ ZUMA Press \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Under current regulations, a factory identified to have forced or child labour must suspend operations until an investigation is completed. Dialogue Earth consulted Dominic Thomson, the Southeast Asia regional director for the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF), an NGO that campaigns to uphold environmental and human rights protections. Thomson says the new draft act weakens those regulations, by permitting factories under investigation to continue operating normally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Woraphop Viriyaroj, a member of parliament and deputy chair of the Senate committee, is considering amendments to the Fisheries Act. \u201cFor labour, make it clear that we did not change overall labour protection,\u201d he tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cWe just amended some words.\u201d Viriyaroj insists the Labour Protection in Fisheries Act, passed in 2019<\/a>, is sufficient. But he also acknowledges that the punishments for violators are tougher in the 2015 act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Night fishing and Article 69<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Damage to the environment is a major concern of those opposed to the proposals. Changes to the existing act would include to Article 69. Such tweaks would permit night fishing at more than 12 nautical miles from the shore, using nets with a mesh finer than 2.5 centimetres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Federation of Thai Fisher Folk Association claims<\/a> this alone could cost Thailand more than 200 billion baht (USD 6 billion) per year in species lost to fine-mesh nets. This would in turn damage ecosystems upon which other fisheries rely. While the existing act allows for the use of these nets during the day, activists believe night operations are a step in the wrong direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNow the public campaign is in a very important state. Article 69 has not been signed, not passed by the Senate,\u201d Wichoksak Ronnarongpairee, president of the Thai Sea Watch Association, tells Dialogue Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The use of fine nets at night, Ronnarongpairee says, means ships that aim to use high-intensity lights to attract squid will end up catching juveniles of many other species. The effects could ripple up the food chain.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Jirasak Meerit with fellow fishers to protest outside Thailand\u2019s parliament in February. He is worried changes to the Fisheries Act could bring back destructive practices, such as the use of finer nets that cause high levels of bycatch (Image: Tyler Roney \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Meerit says he has seen these types of inadvertently destructive practices with his own eyes, even while the practice has been illegal: \u201cThe trawlers cannot differentiate species \u2026 When the animals are brought ashore for sorting, they are not just squids that they targeted, but juvenile crabs, mackerel and several others.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Editor\u2019s note<\/p>

Shortly before this story was published, efforts to prevent amendments to Article 69 saw success, with the Senate voting on 25 February not to amend this section of existing laws. The overall fisheries reform law must still be voted on by Thailand\u2019s lower house.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Viriyaroj tells Dialogue Earth that measures to guard against overfishing, such as no new large trawlers being built, will ease overfishing concerns. He adds that fishing during the night \u201cjust makes more economic sense\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bancha Sukkaew, director general of the Department of Fisheries, has said<\/a> the law would improve incomes for fishers, and reduce reliance on imports by increasing catches. The National Fisheries Association of Thailand, which represents the large-scale commercial sector, has also strongly backed the changes. It says they will bring economic benefits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transhipment and the IUU problem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Last year, the EJF identified 18 concerning amendments in the proposed changes, 15 of which<\/a> have since been amended. Remaining problems, the EJF claims, include labour rights and tariffs on low-value catch, also known as \u201ctrash fish\u201d. But Thomson says changes to rules on transferring catches between boats at sea are \u201cthe biggest red flag\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Two<\/div>
A squid-fishing vessel rafted to a reefer in the northern Indian Ocean for transhipment of its catch. The practice is currently controlled by Thailand\u2019s fisheries ordinance, because it can enable the laundering of illegally caught fish into the legitimate trade (Image: \u00a9 Fernanda Ligabue \/ Greenpeace)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a practice that we have identified in investigations all around the world as being incredibly opaque, because you don\u2019t have the authorities there, so you can transfer whatever you like. It could be illegal catch and you can mix it in with the batch that\u2019s on the receiving vessel,\u201d says Thomson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe new legislation \u2026 could result in potentially hundreds if not thousands of fishing vessels being able to suddenly tranship catch while they\u2019re at sea.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viriyaroj says Thailand\u2019s IUU measures are up to international standards and concerns are largely unfounded. Vessels wishing to tranship would have to register and comply with regulations, he insists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMany countries allow transhipment, just make that clear. It comes with regulations,\u201d he tells Dialogue Earth. \u201cWe think transhipment should be allowed with regulation, it should not be totally banned.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last chance for changes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Activists and fishers say they do not expect to be able to halt the bill altogether, but pushing for changes is seen as crucial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe new act will turn the clock back, bringing us back to the bad old days when we were imposed with a yellow card under the anti-IUU policy,\u201d Merrit says. \u201cMore importantly, our efforts to revive our sea would become zero, because marine animals will be overexploited once again.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Petitioners crowd around a parliamentary police officer at February\u2019s protest, presenting requests to enter the building. The protest was organised to coincide with a Senate committee meeting discussing amendments to the Fisheries Act, which could be approved in a matter of weeks. The activists are making last-ditch efforts to have their views heard before this happens (Image: Tyler Roney \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Correction note:<\/em> The original version of this article stated that Jirasak Meerit fishes for spotted mackerel. This has since been updated to reflect that he fishes for several kinds of mackerel.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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