{"id":60104000,"date":"2025-10-14T11:50:07","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T10:50:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60104000"},"modified":"2025-10-20T17:05:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T16:05:24","slug":"chinas-greener-steelmakers-spread-overseas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/chinas-greener-steelmakers-spread-overseas\/","title":{"rendered":"China\u2019s greener steelmakers spread overseas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In July, Hebei Iron & Steel (HBIS) signed a deal to sell 10,000 tonnes of \u201clow-carbon steel<\/a>\u201d to an Italian client. With a 50% smaller carbon footprint than conventional products, the shipment was made in a \u201chydrogen-based\u201d furnace at a steel plant<\/a> in Zhangjiakou belonging to HBIS subsidiary Zhangxuan Technology. The plant is one of the first large-scale examples of hydrogen-based steelmaking in China. And it has the flexibility<\/a> to switch to using \u201cgreen hydrogen\u201d made entirely using renewable power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The deal signals growing recognition of Chinese low-carbon products in Europe and shows how producers are adapting to the EU\u2019s forthcoming carbon emissions levy, called the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Yet these are early pilots rather than industry-wide change, their scale tiny compared to China\u2019s billion-tonne annual steel output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exports are only one dimension of China\u2019s global low-carbon steel push. Leading Chinese steel companies are moving both up and down supply chains. Abroad, they are building low-carbon steel plants while also offering engineering services and investing in iron-ore mining and supply-chain infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These efforts reflect an embryonic form of a broader shift. Domestic decarbonisation initiatives are increasingly spilling over into overseas ventures, in countries where more abundant resources, such as gas and high-grade iron ore, as well as demand, are making low-carbon steelmaking more feasible at scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This outward shift comes amid intensifying climate regulation and trade barriers. CBAM, which entered its transition phase in late 2023, will begin imposing actual carbon tariffs on imported steel in 2026. Meanwhile, China\u2019s national carbon market expanded this year to cover<\/a> the steel sector, exposing domestic producers to compliance costs and emissions benchmarks at home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such rules raise the stakes for Chinese steel mills, already constrained by caps<\/a> on crude steel output and a \u201cno capacity-expansion<\/a>\u201d policy. Without credible cuts in emissions intensity, access to export markets will narrow. Meanwhile, global steel demand<\/a> remains uneven, with growth in the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia and India partly offset by weaker consumption elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Against this backdrop, China\u2019s low-carbon steel trailblazers are pursuing a two-track strategy. Domestically, they are investing in technologies that cut emissions within the constraints of China\u2019s energy resources. Overseas, they are seeking out locations where feedstocks for lower-carbon steelmaking are plentiful. These include natural gas now and potentially renewable energy for scaling up green hydrogen production further down the line. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such approaches provide alternatives to coal and enable more economically competitive production. Many of these host regions \u2013 from the Middle East to Central Asia and parts of Africa \u2013 also offer more favourable geopolitical and trade environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using energy and market advantages at home and abroad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

China Baowu, the world\u2019s largest steel producer, has been experimenting with low-carbon methods both at home and abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December 2023, a subsidiary, Baosteel, commissioned one of China\u2019s first plants for making hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI) on an industrial scale, at Zhanjiang<\/a> steelworks, Guangdong province.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Baosteel’s Zhanjiang steelworks in Guangdong province (Image: Deng Hua \/ Xinhua \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

DRI is made using hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen, as well as industrial off-gases like coke oven gas, to reduce iron ore in its solid state. These gases strip oxygen from the ore without melting it, leaving a porous, sponge-like product with high iron content. DRI is an ideal feedstock for steelmaking in electric arc furnaces (EAF), which are powered by electricity and can be mainly fed scrap steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike the pig iron produced in blast furnaces, which relies on coal-based coke and emits large amounts of CO2, DRI can be made with natural gas, coke oven gas or hydrogen, greatly lowering emissions. Compared to conventional blast furnaces, the fossil-gas-based DRI process can cut carbon emissions by 50-60%<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flexibility to use different gas sources also makes it an ideal technology to support the staged transition from fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coke oven gas, to green hydrogen and near-zero steel production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baosteel\u2019s Zhanjiang DRI plant actually uses refined coke oven gas, a by-product of the coal-to-coke process, which contains over 60% hydrogen. This makes good economic sense in China, as natural gas is a relatively scarce resource.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

If and when \u201cgreen hydrogen\u201d becomes available at scale, it could entirely replace fossil gases, including natural gas and coke oven gas, and the carbon reduction would approach 100%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In June, the Zhanjiang DRI plant was further paired<\/a> with an EAF for steelmaking. This DRI-EAF process allows for a significant reduction of up to 60% in emissions compared to a traditional blast furnace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While Baowu is developing technical solutions under energy constraints at home, abroad it adapts to host countries\u2019 energy structures and product demand. In May 2023, the company signed<\/a> a joint venture with Saudi Aramco and the Public Investment Fund to build an integrated steel-plate manufacturing complex in Saudi Arabia. Like Zhanjiang, the facility combines DRI with an EAF to manufacture heavy plate steel, which is thicker and more robust than sheet steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Where Zhanjiang targets high-grade sheet steel for Baowu\u2019s carmaker clients, the Saudi facility is oriented toward plate products for the oil and gas, shipbuilding, offshore and construction industries in the Middle East and North Africa. The project represents an investment of about USD 2 billion<\/a> and will produce up to 1.5 million tonnes of heavy-plate steel per year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The key difference between the Zhanjiang and Saudi plants lies in their choice of fuel. While Zhanjiang relies on coke oven gas, due to China\u2019s resource constraints, the Saudi project will use natural gas directly, taking advantage of local reserves. Both facilities adopt the DRI-EAF route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Learning and practising across borders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The low-carbon shift of another large Chinese state-owned steelmaker, Shougang, has occurred gradually across borders. In 2023, its construction subsidiary completed a large EAF facility, with an annual capacity of around 2.5 million tonnes<\/a>, for Turkish steelmaker Tosyali\u2019s steel complex in Algeria<\/a>. This was the second<\/a> such furnace it had built for the same client. These projects gave Shougang valuable engineering experience before the company had built or operated an EAF within China itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following year, Shougang announced plans to build its own EAF at its plant in Tangshan, Hebei province, with an annual capacity of 1.3 million tonnes. Scheduled to come online in 2026, it will replace<\/a> an older \u201cbasic oxygen furnace\u201d, which turns hot metal from blast furnaces into steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Rolled steel in a warehouse run by steelmaker Shougang in Tangshan, Hebei province (Image: Zhu Xudong \/ Xinhua \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The decision also reflected shifting domestic conditions, including national policy encouraging low-carbon steelmaking, and growing demand from foreign clients such as BMW<\/a> for low-carbon sheet steel. In this sense, Algeria provided the technical confidence, while China\u2019s policy signals, and market demand, created the space for Shougang to act at home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By mid-2025, Shougang was extending the overseas model again, this time upstream in Central Asia. Its engineering arm, working<\/a> with two Chinese strategic investment partners, broke ground on a low-carbon steel plant in Kazakhstan\u2019s Jambyl region with an annual capacity of 3 million tonnes. The facility is designed around DRI feeding into EAF steelmaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kazakhstan\u2019s abundant high-grade iron ore \u2013 including new deposits such as the Lomonosovskoye mine \u2013 is a critical enabler, since the DRI-EAF method requires higher-quality feedstock. By tapping these resources, the Chinese ventures are not only meeting local demand but may also be lining up high-grade iron ore or DRI for export<\/a> to feed China\u2019s future lower-carbon steelmaking capacity; although no export deal is publicly available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taken together, the sequence shows how Shougang\u2019s overseas ventures, domestic policy incentives and resource-oriented partnerships reinforce one another. The Algeria project provided engineering know-how. The Tangshan EAF is applying that to domestic decarbonisation policy and client demand. And the Kazakhstan venture extends the approach to a resource-rich partner country while securing raw-material supply. The progression underscores how Chinese steelmakers are not only learning at home but also drawing on overseas projects to accelerate their transition pathways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adapting to context<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Jinnan Iron & Steel, based in Shanxi province, has been experimenting with ways to reduce emissions using China\u2019s existing blast furnaces. The company has been trialling<\/a> injection of hydrogen into blast furnaces, in cooperation with the Central Iron & Steel Research Institute. This method does not replace coal altogether but substitutes a portion of the coke with hydrogen, lowering carbon intensity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such \u201cretrofit\u201d solutions are important in China, where most steel production still comes from large blast furnaces. These furnaces are costly and politically difficult to shut down, considering the jobs, taxes and liabilities involved. Hydrogen injection<\/a> can deliver around 20-30% emissions cuts \u2013 less than the 60-90% potential achievable through DRI-EAF, but quicker and cheaper to deploy. For that reason, it is widely seen as a transitional measure, useful for gaining early reductions and hydrogen-handling experience while preparing for deeper shifts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, Jinnan is pursuing a very different pathway overseas. In 2024, it joined with Brazil\u2019s Vale, the world\u2019s largest iron ore producer, to invest more than USD 600 million in an iron-ore concentration plant at Sohar Port in Oman<\/a>. Raw iron ore would be shipped<\/a> from Brazil to the facility, which is slated<\/a> to start operations in 2027 and supply 12.6 million tonnes of high-grade concentrate annually. Most of this will be used to make iron ore pellets and briquettes suitable for the DRI-EAF route. The Oman venture also complements Vale\u2019s plan to build a network of “green briquette” hubs<\/a> in the Middle East, creating synergies between Brazilian ore and global steel demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The contrast between the two strategies highlights how Chinese firms are adapting to context. Domestic hydrogen trials may ease the transition for China\u2019s current fleet of blast furnaces. Meanwhile, the Oman project positions the company in future-oriented supply chains for low-carbon steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A dual track born of necessity and strategy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The scale of China\u2019s low-carbon steel projects, both at home and abroad, remains small compared to its coal-based capacity and annual crude steel output of over one billion tonnes. Despite policy targets, the share of EAF steel \u2013 the main low-carbon route \u2013 has stagnated<\/a> in recent years at around 10%, while structural overcapacity in traditional blast-furnace production persists. These efforts are still like dots under a microscope. Though small, they are worth close observation in the hope they can trigger more green steel projects and drive a structural shift in the industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The experiences of Baowu, Shougang and Jinnan suggest that China\u2019s steel decarbonisation is no longer confined within national borders. Each company is experimenting with different technologies at home \u2013 hydrogen-based DRI, EAF for high-quality steel, or hydrogen injection in blast furnaces \u2013 and then extending those approaches to overseas projects where resources, financing and market demand make them viable at scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This dual-track approach reflects both necessity and strategy. Domestic constraints, from limited natural gas supply to strict capacity caps, mean some technologies can only be tested in pilot form inside China. Overseas, however, resource endowments such as Saudi Arabia\u2019s gas reserves or Oman\u2019s access to high-grade ore open the door to different pathways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Chinese firms, investing abroad is therefore not just about securing materials or markets, but establishing a position within the emerging global map of low-carbon steel. What began as policy-driven experimenting at home is now shaping the contours of China\u2019s role in the global steel transition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>The challenge, then, lies in whether these projects can deliver in both climate and commercial terms. Hydrogen steelmaking and DRI-EAF processes remain expensive, and future demand for premium \u201cgreen steel\u201d is uncertain. However, China\u2019s government has already issued guidance<\/a> for greener outbound investment, calling on companies to align with international climate rules and adopt best practices abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For steelmakers, this means turning broad principles into practical standards: ensuring transparent carbon reporting, linking financial support to measurable emissions reductions, and encouraging ventures that combine Chinese technology with host-country resources. By tightening the link between domestic policies and overseas project execution, China can reduce the risk of being seen as exporting carbon-intensive facilities, while strengthening its role in shaping the global transition to low-carbon steel.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Domestic decarbonisation initiatives are gradually spilling over into foreign ventures <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000858,"featured_media":60104033,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[510,18132,20000325,50042156,50040327,50029817,597],"hashtags":[],"country":[50041574,50000021,20000110,50041559,20000111,20028672,50040745,50040701],"class_list":["post-60104000","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-china-in-the-world","tag-hydrogen","tag-industry","tag-overseas-investment","tag-steel","tag-supply-chains","tag-technology","country-algeria","country-brazil","country-china","country-european-union","country-india","country-kazakhstan","country-oman","country-saudi-arabia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChina\u2019s greener steelmakers spread overseas | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta 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