{"id":60106543,"date":"2025-10-28T15:15:04","date_gmt":"2025-10-28T15:15:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60106543"},"modified":"2025-11-20T09:46:45","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T09:46:45","slug":"can-latin-america-finally-present-a-united-front-for-cop30","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/can-latin-america-finally-present-a-united-front-for-cop30\/","title":{"rendered":"Can Latin America finally present a united front for COP30?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

After more than a decade, the United Nations\u2019 annual climate change negotiations return to Latin America in November. In the Brazilian city of Bel\u00e9m, governments, civil society, businesses and other actors will meet for two weeks at COP30<\/a> to discuss climate plans and pledges, financing, the energy transition and forest protection, among other issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The last time the region hosted the conference was in 2014, in Lima, Peru. That was the year before the signing of the Paris Agreement, the landmark climate treaty that seeks to limit temperature rise this century to 2C, preferably 1.5C, above pre-industrial levels. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1998 and 2004) and Canc\u00fan, Mexico (2010) have also hosted the conference. Santiago, Chile, was also due to host it in 2019, but it was moved to Spain<\/a> due to social unrest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The countries of the region have been actively involved in climate negotiations since the early 1990s<\/a>. Although they have mostly done so in a fragmented manner, there are signs of a more united front ahead of the Bel\u00e9m summit: nations seem to agree that, on the one hand, they are among the most vulnerable to climate change and, on the other, they have large carbon sinks and great potential for renewable energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several countries have also played a significant role at key moments in the negotiations, such as the creation of the Kyoto Protocol<\/a> and the Paris Agreement, according to experts consulted by Dialogue Earth. At COP30, they argue, there will now be a new opportunity to demonstrate that leadership and reaffirm the importance of multilateralism amid global tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a good time to host the COP in the region. We have very good things to show the world. There are no new coal projects, we are making rapid progress in renewable energy, we can present solutions and work for multilateralism,\u201d says Natalie Unterstell, president of Talanoa, a Brazilian climate think-tank. \u201cWe are ready to get started.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Evo<\/div>
At COP20 in 2014, then-President of Bolivia Evo Morales (left) greets the summit\u2019s president Manuel Pulgar-Vidal (right) as then-UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon (centre) watches on. COP20 took place in Peru, making it the most recent time the climate summit has taken place in Latin America until this November (Image: UN Climate Change<\/a>, Flickr<\/a>, CC BY<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Latin America at COP climate negotiations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In most international environmental negotiations, from biodiversity to mercury, the region participates as a single bloc, the Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC). But on climate change, countries have always distanced themselves from each other, according to Jimena Nieto Carrasco, who was part of the Colombian delegation during the Paris Agreement negotiations in 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou haven\u2019t been able to talk about \u2018the region\u2019, when it comes to climate change issues, for more than 20 years. We soon realised that it was not possible to reach consensus among such different countries, from giants like Brazil to small island states to intermediate countries like Colombia. It makes no sense to try because we are not going to reach agreement on most issues,\u201d she adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instead, on climate change, countries negotiate individually and in various blocs that have been formed and disbanded over the years. Most nations are part of multiple such groupings, based around shared interests and positions with their fellow members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All countries in the region have long been part of the Group of 77 and China, a coalition of developing nations at the UN, which has consistently demanded that developed countries drastically reduce their greenhouse gas emissions first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elsewhere, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama and Peru are part of the Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC<\/a>); Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay are members of the SUR Group<\/a>, with Brazil also coordinating its positions with South Africa, India and China as part of the BASIC Group; and 16 island countries in the region are part of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS<\/a>), which brings together a total of 39 countries globally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div>
Brazil\u2019s environment minister Marina Silva and vice-president Geraldo Alckmin, during the launch of the Climate Investment and Ecological Transformation Platform at COP29 in 2024 (Image: Fernando Donasci<\/a> \/ Minist\u00e9rio do Meio Ambiente e Mudan\u00e7a do Clima<\/a>, CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Other groups include: the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), created by Venezuela in 2004<\/a> and including Bolivia, Cuba and Nicaragua, but now less active; the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CfRN<\/a>), of which 18 countries in the region are part; and the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC)<\/a>, with 24 countries globally, including Bolivia, Venezuela and El Salvador, among others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLatin America has not been able to overcome its fragmentation, which means that it has a divided and poorly coordinated voice in negotiations,\u201d says Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, global leader of climate and energy at the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), a former environment minister of Peru, and president of COP20. \u201cDespite this diversity, the region has contributed greatly to the global climate debate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key moments and regional leaders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Climate change negotiations under the UN formally began in Latin America, with the Earth Summit of 1992 hosted in Rio de Janeiro. There, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC<\/a>) was opened for signature, identifying climate change as an urgent global problem. The first COP took place in 1995 and at the 1997 conference, countries agreed to the Kyoto Protocol, a climate agreement that set binding targets for industrialised countries to reduce their emissions. Argentine diplomat Ra\u00fal Estrada-Oyuela chaired the negotiations, while Brazil strongly supported the agreement\u2019s distinction between developed and developing countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In their book A Fragmented Continent: Latin America and Global Climate Change Policy<\/a>, researchers Guy Edwards and J Timmons Roberts describe Kyoto as a success for the region, as it did not have to make any commitments to reduce emissions. \u201cOutside Brazil, most other Latin American countries barely made their voices heard in Rio or Kyoto,\u201d they said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The protocol came into force in 2005. That year, Costa Rica, together with Papua New Guinea, proposed<\/a> a mechanism to reduce emissions from deforestation that would later become REDD+, which today finances actions to protect forests. Earlier versions of the mechanism were criticised by Brazil, which had feared losing control over its territory, Edwards and Roberts said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite not having to make commitments under Kyoto, Peru offered in 2008 to reduce emissions<\/a> in its forestry sector in exchange for new measures by developed countries. It was joined by Costa Rica,<\/a> with a goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2021 (a target it ultimately missed<\/a>); by Mexico, with a goal of reducing<\/a> its emissions by 50%<\/a> by 2050; and by Brazil, with a goal of reducing<\/a> deforestation by 70%<\/a> by 2017 (a goal which was also missed amid challenges in the latter part of the decade).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2009, countries were supposed to reach a new climate agreement. However, differences prevented them from moving forward. This raised questions about the negotiations and put pressure on Mexico as the host of the next summit. However, Patricia Espinosa, president of COP16, and Christiana Figueres, executive secretary of the UNFCCC, were able to reactivate the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"group<\/div>
COP16 president Patricia Espinosa during the 2010 summit, which was held in Canc\u00fan, Mexico (Image: UN Climate Change<\/a>, Flickr<\/a>, CC BY<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe region has made significant contributions to the negotiation process,\u201d says Alejandra L\u00f3pez Carbajal, director of climate diplomacy at the NGO Transforma. \u201cI would highlight complicated presidencies, such as COP16. The UN system was being questioned, as was multilateralism. But Mexico\u2019s presidency played an important role in restoring confidence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AILAC, a bloc described by Edwards and Roberts as the \u201cthird way\u201d due to its role in building bridges between developed and developing countries, was launched in 2012. Then, in 2014, COP20 took place in Lima under Peru\u2019s presidency. That meeting paved the way for the subsequent Paris Agreement, with the presentation of numerous climate commitments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pulgar-Vidal and Figueres are often described as two of the \u201carchitects of the Paris Agreement<\/a>\u201d for their diplomatic skills and optimism. At the group level, AILAC also played a prominent role in achieving the agreement, according to an analysis by Edwards<\/a>, who points to its efforts to build bridges and raise countries\u2019 ambition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The road to COP30<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In August, representatives from environmental agencies in 22 Latin American countries participated in a meeting in Mexico to strengthen cooperation in the region ahead of COP30. \u201cIn the face of the multiple crises we are facing, it is more important than ever to discuss our common challenges,\u201d said Mexico\u2019s environment minister Alicia B\u00e1rcena at the conference\u2019s opening<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The meeting resulted in a position paper<\/a> from the region for COP30. The countries found common ground in moving forward with a transition \u201cthat leaves behind\u201d fossil fuels, accelerating climate action and prioritising adaptation. They also highlighted the urgency of increasing financing and committed to conserving and protecting forests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The COP has to show that even without political will, the economy is maturing and is already capable of providing the necessary impetus<\/blockquote>Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, global leader of climate and energy at the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and former environment minister of Peru<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt was a positive surprise,\u201d says L\u00f3pez Carbajal. \u201cThey met in a forum that did not exist before and produced a good statement that speaks of ambition. There is genuine interest in working together. Mexico\u2019s leadership [as host] brings a different atmosphere of cooperation to the region.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The specialists consulted expect Latin America to be able to take advantage of these commonalities to achieve a more unified front at COP30. They also expect Brazil\u2019s presidency to promote issues particularly relevant to the region through ongoing initiatives such as the Tropical Forest Forever Fund (TFFF)<\/a> for forest protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pulgar-Vidal believes Brazil will be successful at COP30. \u201cThis year\u2019s COP will have many fronts; there is no single goal to achieve. But success will come from a focus on implementation. We need the end result to be disruptive. The COP has to show that even without political will, the economy is maturing and is already capable of providing the necessary impetus,\u201d he concludes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As the UN climate summit returns to the region, we look back at decades of leadership from its nations at the talks \u2013 and also fragmentation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000563,"featured_media":60106555,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[50041544,50040720,569],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000020,50002592,50000021,50000024,50000025,50000023,50003534,50006305,50003622,50002596,50002597,50002598,50002599,50002600,50002601,50002602,50002604],"class_list":["post-60106543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-climate-diplomacy","tag-geopolitics","tag-negotiations","country-argentina","country-bolivia","country-brazil","country-chile","country-colombia","country-costa-rica","country-cuba","country-el-salvador","country-guatemala-2","country-honduras","country-mexico","country-nicaragua","country-panama","country-paraguay","country-peru","country-uruguay","country-venezuela"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCan Latin 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