{"id":60108551,"date":"2025-11-10T16:32:43","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T16:32:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60108551"},"modified":"2025-11-12T15:30:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T15:30:54","slug":"cop30-latin-american-leaders-set-the-tone-for-crucial-climate-summit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/cop30-latin-american-leaders-set-the-tone-for-crucial-climate-summit\/","title":{"rendered":"COP30: Latin American leaders set the tone for crucial climate summit"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Over the next two weeks, representatives from nearly 200 governments will try to reach consensus at the 30th edition of the United Nations\u2019 annual climate change conference, COP30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hosted by Brazil in its northern city of Bel\u00e9m, this is the first climate conference to be held in the Amazon, a biome that is globally vital for its rich biodiversity, but one threatened by extractive activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is also the tenth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, the global climate treaty agreed in 2015 to prevent the global average temperature from rising more than 2C above pre-industrial levels, and ideally to keep this rise below 1.5C. However, the current trajectory<\/a> is that by the end of the century, the planet will warm by between 2.3 and 2.5C, even if the plans that countries have set for themselves so far are 100% fulfilled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are dangerously missing the 1.5C limit. We are moving in the right direction, but too slowly,\u201d said Christiana Figueres, former executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), at a press conference the week before the start of the global conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

COP30 is taking place amid a turbulent geopolitical context and questions about the state of multilateralism. Brazil, as host of the conference, will have the challenge of balancing these tensions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike previous years, the main objective of this COP is not to reach an agreement or issue a declaration. Rather, the Brazilian government and analysts have sought to define it as “the COP of implementation<\/a>“.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this end, countries will present their new national climate plans, although as of the eve of the summit on Sunday, only 81 of 198<\/a> had done so. Experts have told Dialogue Earth that progress is expected on various issues, such as financing for developing countries, the energy transition and measures for adapting to the effects of climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latin America, which is hosting the COP for the first time in 11 years (COP20 was held in Lima, Peru, in 2014) is already experiencing visible and growing impacts of climate change. For example, scientists have said that the recent Hurricane Melissa, which particularly affected Jamaica, was more intense<\/a> due to the effects of climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe region comes to COP30 at a turning point,\u201d says Jorge Villareal, director of climate policy at the Mexican NGO Iniciativa Clim\u00e1tica. \u201cWe are heavily impacted by the climate crisis, debt and inequalities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leaders’ Summit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Days before the start of COP, on Thursday 6 and Friday 7 November, around 60<\/a> heads of state arrived in Bel\u00e9m to participate in the Leaders\u2019 Summit. This preliminary segment aimed to build political momentum for the negotiations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UN secretary-general Ant\u00f3nio Guterres used his address to harshly criticise governments for their inability to limit warming to 1.5C, telling leaders they \u201cremain captive to [the] entrenched interests\u201d of fossil fuel corporations and lobbying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brazilian president Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva warned that “the window of opportunity for our action is closing rapidly” and said “there is no greater symbol of the environmental cause than the Amazon rainforest.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several Latin American leaders were also present. Colombia’s president Gustavo Petro accused the US leader Donald Trump of \u201cleading humanity into the abyss\u201d for his climate denialism, and questioned the presence of the \u201cfossil fuel lobby\u201d at climate conferences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Gustavo<\/div>
During his speech on 6 November at the opening of the COP30 plenary sessions, Colombia\u2019s president Gustavo Petro questioned the presence of representatives from the fossil fuel industry (Image: Joel Gonz\u00e1lez<\/a> \/ Presidencia de la Rep\u00fablica de Colombia<\/a>, PDM<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Chilean president Gabriel Boric called for science and scientific evidence to be \u201cat the centre of decisions\u201d and for progress in implementation. Guyana’s president Irfaan Ali defended multilateralism: \u201cThere is no other forum where every nation can sit as equal to shape the planet\u2019s response.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Absent from the list of attendees were the leaders of some of the world\u2019s most polluting economies, such as India, Russia and the United States. The latter recently withdrew, for the second time, from the Paris Agreement. China, which now emits more greenhouse gases than any other country, sent its first-ranked vice premier, Ding Xuexiang. He called on developed countries to take the lead in climate action, and to respect the principles of justice and equity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A focus on forests<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Brazil presented the Tropical Forest Forever Fund (TFFF) at the Leaders\u2019 Summit. This is its flagship initiative at COP30. The voluntary mechanism aims to provide long-term financing to countries that protect and sustainably manage their tropical forests. In 2024, 6.7 million hectares<\/a> of tropical forests were removed globally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike traditional conservation funds, which rely on temporary or project-based grants, the TFFF intends to run as a permanent, self-financing investment fund. The funds will be placed in a diversified portfolio to reimburse investors and reward countries for conserving their forests. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

To this end, Brazil has set a target of USD 125 billion for the TFFF and aims to initially raise USD 10 billion from governments and philanthropic organisations. So far, USD 5.5 billion<\/a> has been pledged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) estimates that between now and 2030, there will be a shortfall<\/a> of USD 216 billion per year in forest financing. Public investment currently accounts for the majority of funding, with only one in 10 US dollars coming from private investors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mirela Sandrini, interim director of the World Resources Institute Brazil, says that with sufficient funding, the TFFF could make it “more profitable to keep forests standing than to deforest them”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in a statement from ActionAid, its global lead for climate justice Teresa Anderson questioned the allocation of public funds to “complex financial instruments” like the TFFF, rather than granting them directly to communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"People<\/div>
Lula da Silva speaks during the presentation of the Tropical Forest Forever Fund initiative at COP30. Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, sits next to him (Image: Bruno Peres \/ Ag\u00eancia Brasil)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Much of climate finance goes through intermediaries such as NGOs, consultancies and development banks. This has been a long-standing complaint<\/a> among Indigenous and community organisations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nelson Bastos, a fisherman and researcher on Maraj\u00f3 Island in the state of Par\u00e1, Brazil, said in a statement<\/a>: “Who will that money go to? Will it reach the people who are in the territory? It won\u2019t. This is just another way for the government to say it\u2019s in the territory collaborating in the defence, while in reality it\u2019s turning nature into capital for the financial market.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate finance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2024, at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, it was agreed<\/a> that developed countries would \u201ctake the lead\u201d in mobilising USD 300 billion of climate finance annually by 2035. This is triple the previous target of USD 100 billion that was set in the Paris Agreement in 2015 but only achieved in 2022<\/a>. There is still no data on how the new target is being met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, it was agreed\u00a0at COP29\u00a0that “all actors” would work together to enable USD 1.3 trillion in financing from all public and private sources,\u00a0also to be achieved by 2035.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Azerbaijan and Brazil were tasked with developing a roadmap to guide efforts towards reaching the USD 1.3 trillion target. The Baku to Bel\u00e9m Roadmap was published<\/a> in the context of the Leaders\u2019 Summit, which sets out \u201cfive fronts of action\u201d to achieve the financing target: replenishing, rebalancing, redirecting, renewing and reshaping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Within each front, measures such as international taxes on carbon, and on air and maritime transport, are detailed. Other measures include a reform of the international financial architecture, and the use of debt swaps for climate action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is suggested that the USD 1.3 trillion figure would be achieved through: bilateral financing (USD 80 billion); development banks and multilateral funds (USD 300 billion); South-South cooperation, ie direct collaboration between developing countries (USD 40 billion); private finance (USD 650 billion); and \u201cnew sources of low-cost finance\u201d (USD 230 billion), an umbrella term covering carbon markets, debt swaps and private philanthropy, among others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In an initial analysis<\/a> of the roadmap, Sandra Guzm\u00e1n, director of the Climate Finance Group for Latin America and the Caribbean (GFLAC), highlighted certain positive aspects, such as the diversity of financial instruments and the inclusion of critical thematic areas, such as adaptation. However, Guzm\u00e1n also questioned the weak message on the obligations of developed countries and the partial treatment of the debt problem. The roadmap, she said, \u201climits itself to considering debt sustainability mechanisms, rather than appropriate treatment according to the conditions of each country.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The energy transition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As a region, Latin America and the Caribbean generated 65% of its electricity from clean sources in 2024, well above the global average of 41%, according to an analysis by Ember<\/a>. Despite this largely cleaner energy mix, countries such as Brazil, Argentina and Colombia still depend economically on fossil fuel exports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"group<\/div>
A small solar power system being installed in Bras\u00edlia. Although Latin America and the Caribbean are leading the way in renewable energy, the economies of countries such as Argentina, Brazil and Colombia still rely heavily on fossil fuel exports <\/strong>(Image: Tony Winston<\/a> \/ Ag\u00eancia Bras\u00edlia<\/a>, CC BY<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

At COP28 in 2023, held in the United Arab Emirates, countries agreed for the first time<\/a> to make a gradual transition away from fossil fuels, and to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030. Since then, the discussion has focused on how to move forward and monitor the implementation of these goals. The issue will be back on the table at COP30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At an event on energy at the COP30 Leaders\u2019 Summit, UN secretary-general Guterres <\/a>called<\/a> for a “fair, fast and final” transition. Brazil\u2019s Lula said the world “can no longer sustain the fossil fuel model” and that \u201ca roadmap is needed to end its dependence”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Claudio Angelo, international policy coordinator at Brazilian environmental network the Climate Observatory, highlights Lula\u2019s message. “It will be difficult to move forward on fossil fuels, but a COP that does not talk about them fails in its purpose. Words matter, and Lula, as host, gave the Brazilian presidency [at COP30] the mandate it needed.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brazil also presented an initiative<\/a> at the Leaders\u2019 Summit to quadruple the use of \u201csustainable fuels\u201d by 2035, including hydrogen, biogases and biofuels. In a statement, the deputy director of strategy at the World Resources Institute, Janet Ranganathan, warned<\/a> this goal could lead to increased deforestation to supply these fuels\u2019 feedstocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

At COP30, countries also appear likely to discuss the critical minerals<\/a> that are essential for the energy transition. Prior to the meeting in Bel\u00e9m, the G77 group and China \u2013 which currently brings together 134 developing countries \u2013 called for a \u201cspecific dialogue\u201d on the issue. Meanwhile the Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC), a negotiating group that includes Colombia, Chile and Peru, warned<\/a> the expansion of mining could lead to increased deforestation, pollution and consequences for local communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The adaptation COP<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While the world must rapidly reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, it also needs to increase its resilience to adapt to the already visible effects of climate change. However, progress on adaptation has so far been limited. Brazil hopes to reverse this in Bel\u00e9m, in what it has called<\/a> \u201cthe COP on adaptation\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Paris Agreement, countries included a global goal on adaptation<\/a> with the purpose of “enhancing adaptive capacity and strengthening resilience”. Currently, half of the global population \u2013 about 3.6 billion people \u2013 is estimated<\/a> to live in places highly susceptible to the effects of climate change. The Paris Agreement does not detail exactly what the goal would look like, how it would be achieved and how progress would be tracked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At COP28, a general framework for the goal was agreed upon, but there are still no quantified and measurable targets, nor measures to mobilise the required finance; in the two years following COP28, countries worked with experts to reduce a potential list of more than 9,000 indicators to just 100. A final decision on these indicators is expected to be adopted at COP30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“For Latin America, the number one issue is financing for adaptation. The risks are getting higher and higher,” says Isabel Cavelier, director of the NGO Mundo Com\u00fan. “We are one of the most vulnerable regions in the world and we have to make progress in that regard. We have to secure the means to adapt.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"People<\/div>
A roundtable on adaptation taking place on 7 November 2025 at COP30, with Lula da Silva (third from right at the table) and Brazil\u2019s environment minister Marina Silva (far right at the table) among those present. The summit is being referred to by some as \u201cthe COP on adaptation\u201d (Image: Kiara Worth<\/a> \/ UN Climate Change<\/a>, CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The need for a methane treaty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

During her visit to Bel\u00e9m, Prime Minister of Barbados Mia Mottley (known for her call for reform of the international financial architecture<\/a>) called for the creation of a legally binding global treaty on methane. This greenhouse gas has a global warming potential 80 times<\/a> greater than carbon dioxide’s.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The focus of her speech was the need to confront methane emissions: “Scientists advise that this is the main way we can not only stop but reverse<\/em> the temperature increase we have seen across the planet. The world must pull the emergency brake on methane. It is an emergency brake that can buy us more time.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Since its launch at COP26 in Glasgow, Scotland, 159 countries and the European Union have signed up<\/a> to the Global Methane Pledge. It aims to reduce methane emissions by 30% by 2030 compared to 2020 levels. However, methane emissions remain<\/a> at significantly high levels and are not yet deemed to have peaked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The future of COPs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

After 30 years of climate conferences, there have been extensive discussions on how to reform<\/a> the COP process to make it more effective. This discussion is expected to be on the agenda in Bel\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proposals range from introducing new voting rules, to establishing criteria for selecting COP hosts. Voting under the UNFCCC is currently by consensus, requiring all member countries to agree on decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brazil has created a group<\/a> with former COP presidents (from COP21 onwards) to seek solutions to the improvement of climate governance. One of the great expectations is the presentation of a report with recommendations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Some people lose hope in this process because it is slow or does not produce results in the face of evidence of climate crisis,” says Manuel Pulgar Vidal, the former environment minister of Peru who served as the president of COP20. “But when you look at the details, it is clear that we have made progress. In many Latin American countries, deforestation has declined and the development of renewables is significant. Brazil wants to show progress, and that we are implementing the Paris Agreement.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

COP30 runs from 10-21 November in Bel\u00e9m, Brazil. See more of Dialogue Earth\u2019s coverage of the summit here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is a partnership between Dialogue Earth and <\/em>Mongabay Latam<\/em><\/a>. It was produced as part of the 2025 Climate Change Media Partnership, a journalism fellowship organised by Internews\u2019 <\/em>Earth Journalism Network<\/em><\/a> and the <\/em>Stanley Center for Peace and Security<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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