{"id":60111791,"date":"2025-12-03T12:50:36","date_gmt":"2025-12-03T12:50:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60111791"},"modified":"2025-12-16T18:14:00","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T18:14:00","slug":"could-freezing-coral-larvae-protect-reefs-from-ocean-warming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/could-freezing-coral-larvae-protect-reefs-from-ocean-warming\/","title":{"rendered":"Could freezing coral larvae protect reefs from ocean warming?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Coral Triangle, one of the planet\u2019s most diverse reef regions, is under siege.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The area, spanning the waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste, is home<\/a> to 75% of the world\u2019s known coral species. It sustains 3,000 species of reef fish and the livelihoods of over 120 million people. But over 85% of its reefs are threatened<\/a> by rising temperatures, ocean acidification, pollution and unsustainable fishing, according to the World Resources Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chiahsin Lin\u2019s love for the ocean led to a career in marine biology. Currently working as head of the Department of Planning and Research at Taiwan\u2019s National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, he fears that future generations may never get to see living reefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientists warn that reefs worldwide could decline by 70-90% with 1.5C of global warming. In October, researchers said that rising global temperatures have pushed warm water coral reefs \u2013 found in tropical, shallow and sunny waters \u2013 into a long-term decline. This signals<\/a> the Earth reaching its first climate tipping point linked to greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"bleached<\/div>
A bleached coral on a reef off the Malaysian state of Sabah. Bleaching occurs when corals are stressed, often due to higher-than-normal water temperatures. The project hopes to deploy preserved coral larvae for reef restoration when conditions improve (Image: Mike Veitch \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

To give coral reefs a chance to survive, scientists are turning to cryopreservation \u2013 freezing coral cells, larvae and sperm to be used for future reproduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lin is leading an effort to build a network of cryo-repositories in the Coral Triangle. It aims to preserve larvae from corals that could be used for reef restoration when the environment becomes suitable for their deployment. This is when conditions improve to the point where the larvae, when released, can survive and support coral growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe more coral banks, the more possibilities coral can survive, and the more diversity [is preserved],\u201d Lin says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the work is far from easy, and progress has been slow, with only a tiny fraction of larvae surviving the cryopreservation process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freezing for the future<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

For around two decades, scientists around the world have been freezing coral materials in liquid nitrogen at temperatures as low as -196C, notes<\/a> coastal science publication Hakai. Metabolic and biological processes stop at these extreme temperatures, allowing cells and larvae to be stored for years and later thawed for reef restoration activities. This could mean raising corals that can better withstand climate stress, or to restore reefs where corals have died off.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lin, who also teaches at the National Dong Hwa University\u2019s Institute of Marine Biology, is maintaining<\/a> a coral cryobank at the museum. He is currently leading a project to establish and maintain<\/a> coral cryobanks across several countries in the Coral Triangle that would form the first coral larvae repository network in the region. It also aims to develop cryopreservation protocols, and involves scientists from Pattimura University in Indonesia, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, University of the Philippines-Diliman, and Phuket Rajabhat University in Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"woman<\/div>
A researcher at Taiwan\u2019s National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium collects larvae from a tank holding coral sourced from wild reefs (Image: Chiahsin Lin \/ National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Coral Research and Development Accelerator Platform (Cordap), an initiative of the G20 nations, is supporting the project, which started in November 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s not just about preserving corals today; it\u2019s about building a foundation for future research and reef restoration that can benefit generations to come,\u201d said<\/a> Maria Vanessa Baria-Rodriguez, who is leading the coral cryopreservation effort at the University of the Philippines-Diliman, in an August press release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The project is initially focused on four species <\/em>belonging to Pocilloporidae<\/em>, a family of mostly reef-building corals, notes Lin. Pocilloporids are \u201cweedy\u201d species that grow and settle quickly on damaged reefs, making them useful for reef recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Researchers collect corals from the wild in Taiwan\u2019s Kenting National Park, Thailand\u2019s Tang Khen Bay, Indonesia\u2019s Ambon Island, Malaysia\u2019s Pulau Redang, and the Philippines\u2019 Anda Island, notes Lin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"coral<\/div>
Collected coral larvae prior to freezing, viewed through a microscope (Image: Chiahsin Lin \/ National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

They keep the coral colonies in tanks and set up cups fitted with fine netting under the tanks\u2019 outlets. The tiny larvae \u2013 often less than two millimetres each and described by Lin as looking like sesame seeds \u2013 are collected in this way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only healthy larvae, which are swimming, are used, as freezing them at nearly -200C is an extremely biologically stressful process that can damage and kill cells. These larvae are stored in a \u201ccryostick\u201d that is submerged in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage. The idea is that they can then be thawed with a laser when ready to be used in reef restoration efforts or to further develop cryopreservation protocols. Lin says they can be frozen for a long time \u2013 even 10 to 20 years \u2013 \u201cas long as the freezing protocol is optimal\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Philippines, initial trials have resulted in the \u201csuccessful cryopreservation of early-stage coral larvae,\u201d the University of the Philippines-Diliman\u2019s Marine Science Institute said in the August press release. It added that its monthly efforts continue to expand the pool of cryopreserved larvae across several different coral species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet not every effort goes as planned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The challenges of cryopreservation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In Thailand\u2019s Phuket Rajabhat University, the project\u2019s first attempt to culture corals in preparation for cryopreservation failed in June. \u201cWhen I cultured the corals, in the first three weeks, it looked like all the corals were healthy,\u201d says Preeyanuch Thongpoo, a molecular biologist who is leading her team\u2019s coral cryopreservation effort. In the end, however, they did not obtain any larvae and are currently analysing the reasons for this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coral cryopreservation is far more complex than simply storing samples in liquid nitrogen, Lin pointed out. Many larvae die at each stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"scientist<\/div>
A researcher adds cryoprotectant solution to coral larvae to help them vitrify \u2013 or solidify into a glass-like state \u2013 during the freezing process, preventing the formation of damaging ice crystals (Image: Chiahsin Lin \/ National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"person<\/div>
A researcher sets up a liquid nitrogen bath into which prepared larvae samples, stored in \u201ccryosticks\u201d, will be submerged (Image: Chiahsin Lin \/ National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

To protect the larvae, scientists use chemical treatments such as cryoprotectant solution formulated to help them vitrify \u2013 or solidify into a glass-like state, preventing the formation of damaging ice crystals. This increases the ability of larvae to survive the freezing process and low temperatures. The thawing process involves rapid warming using lasers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even with such optimised procedures, however, survival is a challenge. Lin explains that only 15-35% of the larvae survive after thawing. Out of those, just 3-24% settle successfully, depending on the species, and even fewer survive to adulthood. For now, large-scale production is still in the development stage, primarily due to technical limitations and restricted availability of larvae stemming from the highly specific conditions necessary for corals to release them, says Lin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cryopreservation at other stages<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Beyond the larval stage, coral has also been cryopreserved and revived at other points in its lifecycle, with varying levels of success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One example showing promise is coral sperm. It has a high survival rate after thawing, with about 50-70% remaining active, says Mary Hagedorn, a research scientist at the Smithsonian\u2019s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute in the US, and a pioneer in the cryopreservation of coral sperm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021, Hagedorn and her collaborators used<\/a> coral sperm from Florida and Puerto Rico, that had been frozen for up to 10 years, to fertilise fresh eggs of critically endangered Elkhorn coral collected in Cura\u00e7ao, off the coast of Venezuela. The fertilised eggs were raised in Florida, where the young corals are thriving, notes Hagedorn. She adds that they are preparing to reintroduce them to degraded reef sites in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"\"\/<\/div>
Cryosticks containing larvae samples are submerged in a liquid nitrogen bath (Image: Chiahsin Lin \/ National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"\/<\/div>
Once frozen, the samples are transferred to a cryo-repository for long-term storage (Image: Chiahsin Lin \/ National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Cryopreserved coral sperm has also been successfully used to fertilise coral eggs collected from lab-spawned corals. In December 2024, researchers introduced<\/a> the coral larvae born from this process into the Great Barrier Reef and are tracking their growth in the critical first year of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the cryopreservation of other forms of coral, such as fragments, has been less successful. In 2023, scientists cryopreserved and revived adult fragments<\/a> of finger coral (Porites compressa<\/em>), a stony coral species endemic to Hawaii. However, they survived for only 48 hours, Hagedorn notes. \u201cWe\u2019re not quite there with the fragments,\u201d she says, adding that they are working on new techniques for freezing them successfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While coral cryopreservation is a useful way to help species, Hagedorn stresses that the oceans will still be severely impacted unless we change our behaviour. \u201cThe good thing about cryopreservation is it allows society the time to understand the impact we are having on our planet,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coral cryopreservation is an arduous and painstaking process, with results far from guaranteed. For Lin, it is about more than just saving individual species. It is about trying to safeguard entire reef ecosystems, providing habitats for marine life and sustaining the livelihoods of millions who depend on the sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s about giving them some opportunity to fight for tomorrow,\u201d Lin says.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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