{"id":60122213,"date":"2026-03-04T16:21:29","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T16:21:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60122213"},"modified":"2026-03-10T16:05:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T16:05:08","slug":"ai-for-whom-inside-brazils-data-centre-boom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/ai-for-whom-inside-brazils-data-centre-boom\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018AI for whom?\u2019 Inside Brazil\u2019s data centre boom"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Brazil\u2019s data centre capacity could triple<\/a> by 2030, fuelled by companies from China and the US flocking to the country. The implications for local water and energy consumption are worrying experts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brazil is already Latin America\u2019s data centre hub, with an installed capacity of around 800 megawatts (MW). The country has 198 facilities according to the Data Center Map<\/a>, which gathers information on both operating and planned facilities worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data centres are not a new phenomenon, but the explosion of generative AI chatbots has led to a huge increase<\/a> in demand. The US has by far the highest number<\/a> of data centres, followed by Germany, the United Kingdom and China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, ByteDance, the Chinese company behind TikTok, announced<\/a> a USD 38 billion investment for a data centre in Porto do Pec\u00e9m, in the eastern coastal state of Cear\u00e1. Other Chinese companies interested in Brazil include Huawei and Alibaba<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, a US consortium including the asset manager BlackRock, Microsoft, and Elon Musk\u2019s xAI, recently spent USD 40 billion to buy<\/a> Aligned Data Centers. That company manages<\/a> facilities in Brazil country and is the parent company<\/a> of Brazil\u2019s Odata. The national government has encouraged these investments via tax breaks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous leaders and environmental and energy experts are concerned about the impacts on local water and electricity availability. Chief Roberto Anac\u00e9, an Indigenous leader in Cear\u00e1, tells Dialogue Earth he fears shortages could result from the ByteDance facility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China and US at the centre of the rush<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The data centre rush follows concerted efforts by the Brazilian government in the US and China. Last year, the finance minister, Fernando Haddad, told technology investors in the US of his desire to boost<\/a> a \u201csimultaneously digital and green\u201d economy, by harnessing tax incentives and renewable energy supplies. Meanwhile, the communications minister, Frederico de Siqueira Filho, visited investors in Beijing<\/a> and other cities<\/a> in China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government launched a National Data Centre Policy<\/a> in September 2025 that included a special tax regime for the centres, called Redata<\/a>. By offering tax breaks linked to commitments on environmental standards, Redata aimed to promote more sustainable development of data centres. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIndustry and government are moving to attract more investment to the country, especially large data centres [\u2026] focused on artificial intelligence,\u201d Luis Tossi, vice president of the Brazilian Data Centre Association (ABDC<\/a>), tells Dialogue Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In late February 2026, however, Brazil\u2019s data centre push stalled. Redata had been introduced as a temporary executive order to fast-track investment but it required congressional approval to become law. Political tensions meant that vote did not happen in time and Redata\u2019s tax policy expired.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the stumbling blocks was a gas industry attempt to have projects involving natural gas included in the policy. That is what lobbyists with close ties to congress told the Brazilian newspaper Valor Econ\u00f4mico<\/a>. The original proposal prioritises projects using renewable energy, and the push to broaden its remit to include gas triggered disagreements. This is already having an impact on the data centre plans of major companies, according to Valor Econ\u00f4mico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe government is not going to abandon this project,\u201d says J\u00falia Cat\u00e3o Dias, from Brazil\u2019s Consumer Protection Institute (Idec<\/a>). \u201cThe problem now is a dispute between the gas sector and the government… That is why the bill is stalled, and there is no timeline for its approval.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div>
The headquarters of the Federal Data Processing Service in Brasilia. According to the national government, only 40% of Brazilian data is processed within the country (Image: Anderson Riedel<\/a> \/ Serpro<\/a>, CC BY<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Digital sovereignty v water security<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Haddad says he is still working hard with lawmakers to get Redata passed in Congress, telling reporters there is a queue of companies looking to invest in Brazil. \u201cI\u2019ve spoken to several senators and explained how sensitive the issue is,” he says. “Those who are committed to national development and sovereignty are fully prepared to take on this challenge.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only 40%<\/a> of Brazilian data is processed within the country, he says. The rest is handled abroad, outside the reach of Brazilian legislation. For the government, therefore, the expansion of data centres would strengthen the country\u2019s \u201cdigital sovereignty<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that these projects are usually located near watercourses<\/blockquote>Andr\u00e9 Fernandes, director of the Recife Institute for Research in Law and Technology<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Igor Marchesini, special advisor to the Ministry of Finance and an architect of the data centre policy, says Brazilian expansion would reduce the overall emissions of the sector thanks to the country’s renewables-heavy electricity mix. \u201cBrazil does not need to burn coal to power a data centre,\u201d he tells Dialogue Earth. About 88%<\/a> of the country’s generation comes from renewable sources, according to the International Energy Agency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Others are less certain of how Brazil will meet this increase. Fabro Steibel, executive director of the Institute for Technology and Society, says the government\u2019s proposed strategy remains vague and unclear. Publicly shared information on projected water and energy usage has been minimal, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some 80%<\/a> of data centres in Brazil operate with closed-loop cooling systems, which reuse water to cool servers. This is according to the tech industry trade body, Brasscom, which says that share could reach 90% by the end of the decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Andr\u00e9 Fernandes, director of the Recife Institute for Research in Law and Technology, points out that the initial water requirements are still very high: \u201cThat water has to come from somewhere. It is no coincidence that these projects are usually located near watercourses.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

TikTok and the Brazilian firm Casa dos Ventos tell Dialogue Earth that the data centre buildings will have a cooling system with a capacity equivalent to two Olympic swimming pools \u2013 about 5 million litres of water. They estimate daily water use of between 20,000 and 30,000 litres (equivalent to the consumption of 46-72 households) with around 10% used for cooling. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The closed-loop model raises other concerns. Jos\u00e9 Renato Laranjeira, founder of the Brazilian Laboratory of Public Policy and the Internet, says that although such a system reduces water usage, it requires more electricity to function than alternatives because of its reliance on powerful refrigerators: \u201cThere is an increase<\/a> in energy demand associated with this choice.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local conflicts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Experts interviewed by Dialogue Earth say the data centre rush is happening with little consultation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Idec\u2019s Dias, alongside other experts consulted by Dialogue Earth, question the reasons for the government\u2019s push to attract facilities, particularly without embedding effective environmental safeguards, or protections for the public interest. \u201cArtificial intelligence for what? For whom? On what terms? Do we really need it? Because that would determine what kind of data centre we want,\u201d says Dias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the data centre is operating at 100% capacity, there will be an energy shortage<\/blockquote>Roberto Anac\u00e9, Indigenous leader in Cear\u00e1<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Fernandes says the Redata bill only mentions the use of renewables generically, and fails to address the socio-environmental impacts of these projects: \u201cIt does not mention electronic waste<\/a>, nor does it address the impacts on the neighbourhood and territories<\/a>, or water consumption and disposal<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are local concerns, too. Anac\u00e9 and other leaders in Cear\u00e1 are trying to block the installation of TikTok\u2019s data centre, fearing disputes over water and electricity in their communities. \u201cThey say there is surplus energy. For now, there is, but when the data centre is operating at 100% capacity, there will be a shortage,\u201d says Anac\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The companies tell Dialogue Earth the project\u2019s energy will come from dedicated renewable sources, such as new wind farms, which are still in the planning stage. As such, they say, it would not compete with local electricity needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An analysis of internal documents seen by the media outlet Intercept Brasil indicates<\/a> the TikTok project\u2019s daily energy consumption is equivalent to that of 2.2 million Brazilians. S\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alo do Amarante, where Porto do Pec\u00e9m is located, is home to just 54,000 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In August 2025, protesters occupied the state environmental agency and filed a legal case with the Federal Public Prosecutor\u2019s Office (MPF), which subsequently pointed out flaws<\/a> in the licensing process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the companies, \u201cthe environmental licensing of the data centre has been conducted in strict compliance with current legislation.\u201d They are still analysing the MPF\u2019s report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anac\u00e9 says his people do not reject local development initiatives, but it is essential for projects of this size to include grassroots consultations with affected communities: \u201cNeither a cashew tree nor a mango tree bears fruit if it has no roots.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The government\u2019s legislative push for the sector is stalling, while experts warn of its socio-environmental risks and governance gaps<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000928,"featured_media":60122225,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758,757],"tags":[40027749,50041599,607],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021,20000110,50040700],"class_list":["post-60122213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-energy","tag-big-data","tag-energy-consumption","tag-water-scarcity","country-brazil","country-china","country-united-states-of-america"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018AI for whom?\u2019 Inside Brazil\u2019s data centre boom | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The government\u2019s legislative push for the sector is stalling, while experts warn of its 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