{"id":60128006,"date":"2026-04-15T13:05:57","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T12:05:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60128006"},"modified":"2026-05-13T11:48:46","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T10:48:46","slug":"book-review-chinese-global-environmentalism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/book-review-chinese-global-environmentalism\/","title":{"rendered":"Book review: Chinese Global Environmentalism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Is a greener China a model for the rest of the world? Alex Wang, a professor at UCLA who spent decades practising environmental law in China, attempts to answer this in the latest in a series of short explainers by Cambridge University Press covering the impacts of China on the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At first glance Chinese Global Environmentalism has an academic bent, but the book works for a broader audience too. Readers new to China will benefit from Wang\u2019s able telling of China\u2019s transformation from environmental demon to would-be climate saviour. While more experienced China watchers will appreciate Wang\u2019s deeper insights, particularly his discussion on whether the country\u2019s ongoing green transition represents a new development paradigm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That said, at less than a hundred pages, the book<\/a> cannot do both perfectly, and while I finished it more informed, I found myself no more certain of Wang\u2019s or indeed my own verdict on the central question of what Chinese environmentalism means for the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The genesis of China\u2019s global environmentalism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Wang says China presents a \u201cfragmented and imperfect process\u201d of environmental governance, but that it has \u201cnonetheless, over time, moved incrementally toward the achievement of environmental policy goals\u201d. His analysis covers four overlapping components: ideology, diplomacy, economic statecraft and international cooperation. Taken together, he says, these make up \u201cChinese global environmentalism\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"book<\/div>
(Image: Cambridge University Press)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On ideology, Wang highlights the concept of \u201cecological civilization\u201d which has become closely associated with China’s leader. Indeed, Xi Jinping Thought states<\/a> that ecological civilization is no less than a \u201cprofound revolution in development philosophy.\u201d It is easy to get lost in the rhetoric. But there is also much disagreement about what the idea means. Wang cites critics who say labels like it represent utopian, technocratic solutions to solving environmental issues \u2013 all while unleashing economic growth without restraint. He cites others who see the concept as having ancient Chinese philosophical roots, such as in the Daoist saying \u201cthe Way follows nature\u201d (\u9053\u6cd5\u81ea\u7136). And still others who understand it as utilitarian and a summary of a China which \u201cwields ecology to shape nature, society and space\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wang does his best to synthesise these disparate views under his \u201cChinese global environmentalism\u201d banner. This development concept, he writes, comprises a \u201chodge-podge of values\u201d, where China projects itself as defender of Global South interests with a model that can deliver green outcomes other systems cannot. But he also sees much of the official rhetoric which conveys these ideas as somewhat superficial, describing it as \u201ca gauzy invocation of green values.\u201d

From ideology, we move to diplomacy and here Wang\u2019s strengths as a practising lawyer and Chinese legal scholar find better bearing. He assesses China\u2019s involvement in global treaties, such as the Montreal Protocol to address ozone depletion and the Paris Agreement on climate change. His analysis focuses on how China\u2019s growth story has endowed it with greater leadership on green diplomacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wang also provides a useful historical overview of Chinese environmental diplomacy. Before 1979, this was driven by ideology and was combative, broadly blaming environmental problems on capitalism and US imperialism. As China embarked on changes in the reform and opening period, it was defensive and asserted its \u201cright to development\u201d as a poor country. As it became more integrated into the world economy, full-throttled-reform China was pragmatic, agreeing to meet international environmental standards to enable exports to signatories of the Montreal Protocol. And now, today, in dare I say a post-reform era, China exudes unmistakeable confidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The announcement of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, the founding of new multilateral institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the New Development Bank, and China’s confident co-stewardship at the Paris climate talks, all point to rising international stature. Wang describes China now as a \u201cclimate diplomacy juggernaut.” He says it has won praise for this green diplomacy, becoming the first major developing country to announce a net-zero target. This foreshadowed its global dominance in clean technology \u2013 renewable energy, batteries, electric vehicles and other sectors \u2013 which it is now pushing in the realm of economic statecraft and international cooperation. But with great power comes great responsibility, and there is shadow in the silver lining, which is explored in the second half of the book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A model for the world?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned, this new, more confident China says its green development presents a \u201cprofound revolution<\/a>\u201d in the understanding of development (\u53d1\u5c55\u89c2\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u9769\u547d). But what has the global reception been? Here the book lays the case for and against the claim, drawing on extensive literature review and interviews. Divergent views are evident, for example, on China\u2019s role in global energy sectors, which dominates its overseas investments and lending. Critics decry that this has been overwhelmingly oriented toward fossil-fuel projects. While proponents say China is merely responding to the requests of the Global South.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To its credit and for a variety of reasons mentioned in the book, China ceased overseas coal financing<\/a> in 2021, and is investing more in renewable energy, electric vehicles and other supporting technologies in developing countries. But how much of that has to do with China being a responsible global stakeholder? And how much is it merely exploiting its advantages as the world’s biggest producer of green technology?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The book presents further evidence for us to consider. There is a detailed review of Chile\u2019s engagement with China to secure investment, trade and green development opportunities while managing geopolitical risk. Wang calls this a \u201cpragmatic response to China\u2019s rise.\u201d This part is helpful in giving a recipient country\u2019s perspective of China\u2019s overseas engagement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

He unpacks the country\u2019s international cooperation efforts, such as the Belt and Road Initiative Green Development Council and the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development. These, he says, illustrate China\u2019s hallmarks of cautious diplomacy: an emphasis on public decorum, voluntary rather than binding standards, and low-risk collaboration such as research. Wang also delves into project-specific cases such as the Kenyan Standard Gauge Railway and the Lancang-Mekong Environmental Cooperation, which show the on-the-ground realities of China\u2019s involvement in infrastructure projects. These are often messy, complicated, and require trade-offs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The book resists affirmatively answering the fundamental question on whether \u201cChinese global environmentalism\u201d presents a model the world can emulate. Despite its now full transition from \u201cairpocalypse\u201d capital to climate tech juggernaut, sentiment remains sceptical in the west, where China is now often seen as a strategic competitor. Environmental issues are increasingly interlinked with industrial and security issues, and criticism of China\u2019s environmental governance has shifted to encompass allegations of unfair trade practices, espionage, human rights abuse and the hollowing out of western industrial capacity.

Near the book\u2019s conclusion, Wang summates: \u201cChina\u2019s promotion of Chinese global environmentalism is a strategic effort motivated primarily by economic development and security objectives\u201d. I would have liked greater expansion of this. How does China\u2019s global environmentalism fit in President Xi\u2019s \u201cgreat rejuvenation\u201d of the Chinese nation? Is it a strategy to displace the US and seek global hegemony? Or does it seek to enforce existing international norms in an increasingly challenging geopolitical environment? But perhaps my wishing for these answers is really asking for a different book than the one Wang intended to write.

Wang\u2019s compact treatise sheds much-needed light on today\u2019s Green China. It is the work of someone who has spent decades understanding and contributing to the development of a rising power, and it is full of pithy and humble observations. Early in the book, Wang quotes political scientist Alexander Wendt who said, \u201c500 British nuclear weapons are less threatening to the United States than 5 North Korea nuclear weapons\u201d. From here, Wang delivers one of his best insights: who states are understood to be, matters in international relations<\/em>. China has made incredible strides on its green achievements, but understanding China \u2013 that remains a work in progress.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A new book unpacks the complexities of Chinese environmentalism as its influence spreads around the world<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2498,"featured_media":60128042,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[510,50041544,50042205,17073],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110],"class_list":["post-60128006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-china-in-the-world","tag-climate-diplomacy","tag-culture","tag-energy-transition","country-china"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBook review: Chinese Global Environmentalism | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A new book unpacks the complexities of Chinese environmentalism as its influence spreads around the world\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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