{"id":60130496,"date":"2026-04-29T15:03:12","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T14:03:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60130496"},"modified":"2026-05-07T16:57:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-07T15:57:40","slug":"two-disasters-in-brazil-show-climate-aid-must-account-for-gender-and-age","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/justice\/two-disasters-in-brazil-show-climate-aid-must-account-for-gender-and-age\/","title":{"rendered":"Two disasters in Brazil show climate aid must account for gender and age"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In late 2019, Ana Paula de Oliveira Santos stood on a beach in north-eastern Brazil, cleaning up toxic crude oil with her bare hands. A massive spill had coated the coastline of Alagoas state, devastating the mangroves where the 52-year-old fisherwoman gathered shellfish. Months later, before the ecosystem and community could fully recover, the Covid-19 pandemic froze the local economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For coastal communities like Santos\u2019s idyllic municipality of Barra de Santo Ant\u00f4nio, the back-to-back crises were an existential threat. But new research reveals the fallout from these twin disasters \u2013 and who they most affected \u2013 was not uniform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study was undertaken by the Pacto Futuro research network (RPF<\/a>), which works on sustainability in coastal fishing communities. In tracking the economic impact of both events for 402 small-scale fishers across three Brazilian states, the research found this ecological shock had disproportionately affected women. The social and health disruptions of the pandemic were found to be worse for older men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These findings, published<\/a> in February by the journal npj Ocean Sustainability, offer a lesson for global climate policy: as systemic shocks become more frequent, emergency relief must acknowledge pre-existing demographic inequalities or risk reinforcing marginalisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ecological shock: Fisherwomen hit by oil spill<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The 2019 oil spill affected roughly 2,900 km<\/a> of Brazil\u2019s coastline, according to the Brazilian authorities. Its source was initially unknown but the federal police eventually blamed<\/a> an oil tanker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Pacto Futuro\u2019s work, 30% of fisherwomen lost more than 80% of their income during the spill, compared to 22% of fishermen. This disparity stems from a \u201cgendered\u201d division of labour in fisheries, the study states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Approximately 75% of the surveyed fisherwomen gather bottom-dwelling species such as shellfish in nearshore environments. Because coasts and mangroves act as natural sinks for pollutants, and many shellfish are filter-feeders, these habitats were heavily contaminated by the spill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By contrast, men generally fish further offshore and target open-water fish. These animals, such as dolphinfish (mahi-mahi) and mackerel, were somewhat shielded from the worst of the toxic sludge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fishers\u2019 skin was damaged by the crude and, to add economic insult to physical injury, their work was often in vain. Customers did not want fish that could have been contaminated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We had to eat the polluted seafood if we had no other income<\/blockquote>Ana Paula de Oliveira Santos, Barra de Santo Ant\u00f4nio fisher<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere were quickly posts on social media and in the media saying \u2018do not eat the seafood,\u2019\u201d remembers Santos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before the spill, fisherwomen were already paid less than their male counterparts, the researchers found. The shellfish they harvested typically brought in USD 5.20 per kg (adjusted for local purchasing power), compared with an average USD 13.40 for finfish caught by men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When the market for shellfish collapsed due to contamination fears, women were often left with nothing but their unsellable and possibly toxic catch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe had to eat the polluted seafood if we had no other income,\u201d Santos says. \u201cEveryone had fish stuck in the freezer. When they went to the open-air market, the people didn\u2019t want to buy our fish because they were polluted.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men who fished offshore for the pelagic fish that had been less impacted were able to maintain more of their incomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
Vanessa dos Santos, chair of the Alagoas Shellfish Collectors Cooperative (CoopMaris). Alagoas state was heavily impacted by the oil spill. In recent years, local fishers and shellfish collectors have also been affected by mining and industrial pollution (Image: Jo\u00e9dson Alves \/ Ag\u00eancia Brasil)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The social shock: Covid-19<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Covid-19 pandemic \u2013 a widespread health and social crisis without direct environmental degradation \u2013 hit a different vulnerable group of fishers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bernardo de Barros, a 57-year-old fisherman who is also from Barra de Santo Ant\u00f4nio, catches shrimp and mahi-mahi from a boat. During the pandemic, the supply chain he was part of evaporated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt was very bad and difficult for us,\u201d Barros says. \u201cWe would catch them, but there was no one to sell the fish to. We didn\u2019t have a cold storage facility or anything like that to store our fish. We couldn\u2019t even go fishing, because when we came back, people didn\u2019t want to buy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Pacto Futuro study found that age and location became the defining risk factors for economic hardship during the pandemic. Only 30% of older fishers said they could secure alternative income during lockdown. While younger fishers also took a financial hit, they proved more adept at finding alternative work or selling direct to consumers online, via WhatsApp or other platforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn the case of older fishermen, it has to do with a vulnerability that is intrinsic to people around 50 or 60 years old,\u201d explains Priscila Lopes, a professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) and lead researcher on Pacto Futuro\u2019s study. \u201cThey won\u2019t know how to communicate adequately via WhatsApp or an app.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Older fishers also faced elevated health risks that kept them indoors. To survive, Barros relied on odd jobs: \u201cSometimes we would mend nets, and then you earn a little something for the week.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A public hearing at the state of Bahia\u2019s legislative assembly on the health impacts of the 2019 oil spill on fishers, shellfish collectors and volunteers (Image: Neusa Cadore<\/a> \/ Flickr<\/a>, CC BY<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Chronic precarity and the limits of state aid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lopes\u2019s team argues that fishing communities exist in a state of \u201cchronic precarity\u201d. Crises rarely create explicitly new vulnerabilities but amplify existing demographic and socioeconomic inequalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geography also played a vital role in determining who weathered the economic shocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fishers in Alagoas and Bahia suffered heavily due to oil exposure and a reliance on group-based, labour intensive shellfishing. Those in Rio Grande do Norte were partially buffered by a younger demographic and a high reliance on commercial brokers. Often viewed as exploitative in traditional fisheries, these brokers actually served as a vital \u201cinformal safety net\u201d. In Rio Grande do Norte, they maintained market access during lockdowns in a way that did not happen in the other areas studied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

State intervention largely failed to help, say many locals. Barros received two installments of government pandemic relief but eventually gave up trying to claim it due to logistical hurdles. \u201cIt was a huge bureaucracy for us to get it,\u201d he says. \u201cWe had to go from here to Macei\u00f3 [the state capital] just to have the correct documentation. Just on that trip, you already spent a lot of money.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rafael Almeida Magris, a researcher at the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), notes that coastal communities are uniquely positioned to suffer the most from marine and terrestrial degradation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBesides being the area where we have a greater dependency on fishing communities who are already naturally more vulnerable, the coastal zone is also where these oil-type impacts accumulate,\u201d Magris says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He emphasises that marine protected areas and marine extractive reserves, which both seek to manage human activities at sea, can help. These designations have governance forums, giving communities an institutional route to demanding accountability and mitigation during disasters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"people<\/div>
Fishing boats docked at Maragogi Beach in Alagoas. According to experts, new crises like oil spills exacerbate existing demographic and socioeconomic inequalities among fishing communities (Image: Andre Seale \/ VWPics \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Co-research with fishing communities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

To try and understand vulnerabilities in fishing communities, the Pacto Futuro researchers utilised WhatsApp to conduct remote surveys. They distributed mobile phones and data plans to community members during the height of the pandemic lockdowns in 2020 and 2021 \u2013 local fishers were elevated to the role of co-researchers. Santos, who is also the founder of the Coral Coast Fisherwomen\u2019s Network (RMPCC<\/a>), helped design the questionnaires and conducted the nearly 200 surveys in her own community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe presence of community researchers increased the trust of participants, resulting in more detailed, honest and contextualised responses,\u201d says Monalisa Silva, a researcher who participated in the fieldwork. \u201cIt reduces the risk of misreading cultural practices, subsistence strategies and forms of adaptation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says<\/a> the kind of extreme events that are already impacting South America are likely to intensify. With increasing temperatures, drought, coastal erosion, coral bleaching and ocean acidification, traditional fishing and those who rely on it will be hit hard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As climate change accelerates the frequency of systemic shocks, the researchers and fishers agree that disaster relief must evolve. One-size-fits-all, top-down national aid often fails to account for things such as gender and age, meaning the most vulnerable struggle to get the help they need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They want to see new initiatives that take account of existing vulnerabilities and disadvantages. For example, gender-responsive financial support for ecological disasters and age-focused adaptation programmes for health crises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Without targeted state support, communities are left to fend for themselves and must petition for what they need. Santos says her fisherwomen\u2019s network is currently drafting a proposal to request basic personal protective equipment, so they can be ready for the next environmental disaster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe need to make sure our governments \u2013 the community, state and federal \u2013 can have a different perspective on us,\u201d concludes Santos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFishing is not just an issue for the fisherman and fisherwoman. It belongs to the community. Fishing communities need something done, so we don\u2019t lose what we do in the future.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A mysterious oil spill and the Covid-19 pandemic devastated fishing communities, but in ways that state help often failed to address<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000585,"featured_media":60130548,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039900,50039901,760],"tags":[20000838,545,573],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000021],"class_list":["post-60130496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-justice","category-ocean","category-pollution","tag-covid-19","tag-fisheries","tag-oil-spill","country-brazil"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTwo disasters in Brazil show climate aid must account for gender and age | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A mysterious oil spill and the Covid-19 pandemic devastated fishing communities, but in ways that state help often failed to address\" \/>\n<meta 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