{"id":60131332,"date":"2026-05-06T17:46:06","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T16:46:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60131332"},"modified":"2026-05-11T14:58:56","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T13:58:56","slug":"transition-away-host-colombia-faces-phaseout-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/transition-away-host-colombia-faces-phaseout-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Transition Away host Colombia faces phaseout challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

When Gustavo Petro said he would replace Colombia\u2019s fossil fuel exports with avocados in 2018, his pledge was largely met with derision \u2013 and memes. Eight years on, Petro is president, and Colombia just hosted the inaugural international conference on phasing out fossil fuels. It took place in Santa Marta, a coastal city on the Caribbean sea with an important coal export industry. Choosing this location was a bold statement to the world: Colombia is serious about the energy transition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The conference, which happened outside of the UNFCCC process, was not set up to extract binding commitments from the 57 nations present. Instead, it ended with governments being urged<\/a> to draw up national phaseout roadmaps. The announcement of a second instalment next year in Tuvalu, with co-hosting support provided by Ireland, was met with applause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The UNFCCC<\/strong><\/p>

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted<\/a> in 1992, binds its 198 member states to stabilise atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations in the interests of human safety<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

For Colombia, its hosting of the conference as a \u201ccoalition of the willing\u201d is a continuation of a policy goal; as part of his presidential campaign in 2022, Petro pledged to halt the issuing of new oil and gas exploration licences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In one way, Colombia has an advantage over most countries represented at Santa Marta, because it only generates a third of its electricity from fossil fuels. The biggest share<\/a> comes from hydropower, supported by smaller amounts from biofuels, solar and wind. However, renewables only deliver a quarter of Colombia\u2019s overall energy demand. And domestic demand for gas is rising; up to a quarter<\/a> could come from imports this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With its high-profile commitments and status as the first host of the Transition Away<\/a> conference, Colombia has placed itself at the forefront of the global phaseout agenda. As such, its own progress in weaning itself off coal, oil and gas will be watched closely, say experts. Even as a looming presidential election threatens to throw a spanner in the works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colombian ambition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

While there is resistance to new renewable energy projects \u2013 particularly wind<\/a> \u2013 in some Colombian communities, experts tell Dialogue Earth they are generally viewed positively. Colombia\u2019s minister for the environment and sustainable development, Irene V\u00e9lez Torres, is also pitching phaseout as a measure to support national energy independence and sovereignty. Such arguments have become increasingly prominent since the Gulf conflict began<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the lead-up to Santa Marta, the Colombian government announced a range of new environmental measures to signal its momentum. The Ministry of Environment published a draft roadmap<\/a> for a national fossil fuel phaseout. It sets out ways in which the country could cut fossil fuel demand by 90% through rapid deployment of solar and wind, widespread electrification, as well as investments in energy efficiency and demand-side management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Wind<\/div>
Wind turbines on Colombia\u2019s northern coast in La Guajira, where local communities have been raising concerns<\/a> over the displacement, compensation and consultation processes that these projects necessitate (Image: David Gonz\u00e1lez \/ Dialogue Earth)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In November, the government announced<\/a> it would no longer approve new hydrocarbon or mining projects in the country\u2019s Amazon region, which accounts for 42% of national territory. The concept of \u201cfossil free zones<\/a>\u201d \u2013 areas of significance for their ecology, biodiversity or culture that are placed under protection from exploration \u2013 was discussed in Santa Marta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez, the Latin American coordinator of the Fossil Fuel Treaty Initiative, says Colombia\u2019s commitment was an important \u201cdemonstration of political will\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Realising this commitment, however, may prove more difficult, as previous attempts to protect the Amazon have shown. Weak enforcement, for example, hampers<\/a> such efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous groups are strongly in favour of the move. Oswaldo Muca, general coordinator of the Organization of Indigenous Peoples of the Colombian Amazon (Opiac), says fossil fuels threaten these communities\u2019 way of life and the ecosystems they have protected for thousands of years. But he warns the transition must include Indigenous peoples as full partners in decision-making: \u201cFor the transition to be truly just, it must not reproduce the same models of extractivism, and the social and environmental impacts of the fossil fuel industry.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fossil fuel dependence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

However, Colombia\u2019s key problem is disentangling its existing economic dependence on fossil fuel exports. In particular, coal and oil contribute 10%<\/a> of its GDP. As an indication of the economic risks the country is being exposed to, Petro\u2019s decision to halt oil and gas exploration led to Colombia\u2019s credit rating being downgraded<\/a> in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colombia is sixth<\/a> in the world for coal exports, and exports the most of any nation in Central and South America. Nearly all of it comes from the northern regions of La Guajira and Cesar. Colombia is also a significant oil exporter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
An open-pit coal mine in Cesar, also in northern Colombia. In pursuing a fossil fuel phaseout, the country must grapple with its position as sixth in the world for coal exports (Image: Corporaci\u00f3n La Rotativa<\/a> \/ The EITI<\/a>, CC BY SA<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The country is moving away from coal but that is largely in response to international markets, rather than an intentional exit plan. Traditional destinations for its coal exports in Europe<\/a> and the US<\/a> are drying up, and its attempt to pivot towards Asia is becoming complicated<\/a> by high transport costs and competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s very chaotic,\u201d says Paola Yanguas, a transitions researcher at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences\u2019 (ZHAW) Institute for Sustainable Development. \u201cIt\u2019s creating a lot of social disruption in fossil fuel-dependent regions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such disruption was evident when the Anglo-Swiss mining giant Glencore, operating through its Colombian subsidiary Prodeco, abruptly closed two mines during the Covid-19 pandemic. The shuttering of La Jagua and Calenturitas in Cesar led to the loss<\/a> of 5,000 related jobs in the nearby town of La Jagua de Ibirico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In February 2025, Colombia\u2019s constitutional court ruled<\/a> mine closure plans must involve the local community and secure their agreement before being finalised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is an indication of the complexities of unravelling the fossil fuel relationship. But there have been attempts to soften the blow. The University of Magdalena in Santa Marta ran a training programme<\/a> to help selected former coal workers transition to clean energy consultancy work. \u201cBut when you look at the low-level miners, it\u2019s really hard for them,\u201d explains Yanguas. \u201cThere\u2019s not much they can do.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is not just formal coal mining jobs that are affected. Yanguas points out that a whole informal economy<\/a> is built around a coal mine, from food services to sex work, and those people have no protection at all. \u201cImagine in Germany, taking out the whole car industry?\u201d posits Yanguas. \u201cIt has a domino effect, with many waves of impacts that are related.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diversification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In January, the regional environmental authority of La Guajira rejected<\/a> a permit application from a mining company. \u201cThis means indeed we are seeing the closure of the expansion frontier of coal in Colombia,\u201d says Yanguas. \u201cWith most-large scale mining titles ending in 2034, the question of economic diversification, especially in Cesar and Guajira, is more urgent than ever.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is recognition that the country needs to diversify. Speaking at the launch of the Santa Marta conference, Torres said the country has strengthened other sectors including food production<\/a> and processing<\/a>. \u201cWe have been able to show how this decision [to stop exploration] is feasible,\u201d she said. The stress of the fiscal impact is still huge, she admitted, and the process was not easy, \u201cbut we have been consistent with science and with peoples\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Torres said Colombia had also embraced tourism, branding itself as the \u201cCountry of Beauty\u201d and leaning hard<\/a> on its famed biodiversity. The sector generated<\/a> a record USD 11.17 billion in 2025, compared to USD 17.4 billion<\/a> from coal, oil and gas exports. But it is unlikely<\/a> to completely offset the economic impacts of coal\u2019s decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Colombia\u2019s draft roadmap suggests investments in green hydrogen, biofuels and critical mineral extraction as \u201ckey business opportunities … where Colombia holds significant competitive advantage\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

The country certainly has potential to shift extraction from fossil fuels to minerals for critical clean technologies. It is exploring<\/a> the potential for copper, nickel, graphite and rare earth elements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But experts say mining expansion could perpetuate the same socio-economic inequalities as fossil fuels. Human rights abuses<\/a> have been alleged in relation to mines in Colombia, according to the Business and Human Rights Centre, an NGO headquartered in England.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yanguas says people and communities need to be properly included in the process to avoid this outcome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018We are here to help\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

These sentiments were echoed over five days in Santa Marta. Indigenous leaders, like Muca, warned<\/a> delegates that the energy transition cannot be used as an excuse to \u201cplunder\u201d Indigenous lands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The conference also gave communities a chance to have their own say, with a space in which to speak before state delegations during its high-level portion, a broad \u201cPeople\u2019s Summit\u201d and a specific summit for Indigenous peoples. There was also a spirited march through the city that culminated with a rally in the city\u2019s Plaza de Bolivar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While Colombia has now established itself as a leader of the energy transition, its domestic phaseout could soon be under pressure. In just a few months, Petro\u2019s four-year presidential term will end. His approach to shifting the economy has been criticised<\/a> by some of his opponents, with at least one candidate pledging to \u201creactivate\u201d<\/a> fossil fuel extraction\u00a0and promote fracking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking at an event in Santa Marta, Colombia\u2019s former president Juan Manuel Santos urged political candidates to \u201cthink long-term\u201d, adding: \u201cthe responsible politicians are the ones that sometimes take unpopular decisions, but correct decisions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Santa Marta, the spectre of elections that threaten to derail progress could not dampen the atmosphere. In attendance was a young Colombian anti-fracking activist named Yuvelis Morales Blanco, whose voice has been amplified since winning<\/a> a Goldman Environmental Prize in April. She said civil society is ready to show that a just and territorial transition is possible: \u201cWe are here to help.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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