{"id":60131756,"date":"2026-05-11T18:06:19","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T17:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?post_type=opinion&p=60131756"},"modified":"2026-05-14T16:03:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T15:03:18","slug":"landless-bangladeshi-farmers-suffer-as-paddy-fades-in-barind","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/landless-bangladeshi-farmers-suffer-as-paddy-fades-in-barind\/","title":{"rendered":"Landless Bangladeshi farmers suffer as paddy fades in Barind"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The 8,000 sq km Barind Tract in north-western Bangladesh was once synonymous with paddy cultivation. These days, parts of the region are home to high-value crops that do not form the local staple diet. In some places, crops are being cultivated that were virtually unknown until a decade ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The region\u2019s higher, undulated area, the High Barind Tract, incorporates Rajshahi, Chapainawabganj and Naogaon. In parts of these three districts, farmers are switching from paddy cultivation to crops like dragon fruit, sweet orange and mango. They are also increasingly growing crops that require less water, like maize, lentils, tomatoes and chillies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tract\u2019s farmers are making this switch in response to a growing water crisis in the region: Barind has been experiencing erratic rainfall<\/a>, and its groundwater has been gradually reducing<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFarmers are responding to water stress in real time,\u201d says Mariam Ahmed, a government agriculture officer in Godagari, an upazila<\/em> (subdistrict) of Rajshahi. \u201cOver the past few years, we have seen a significant expansion of dragon fruit cultivation across three unions in Godagari [Pakri, Matikata and Gogram], particularly in Matikata, where many highlands and even some former paddy fields are now being converted into dragon fruit orchards.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barind\u2019s transformation is often cited<\/a> as an example of local climate adaptation. But though the adaptation is rooted in necessity, for some the choice of crop is reflective of economic drivers. \u201cFarmers are shifting<\/a> from rice to dragon fruit, malta fruit [sweet orange] and mango orchards because they see stable profits and lower water needs,\u201d Ahmed notes. \u201cThe driver is economic opportunity as much as climate adaptation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This shift is manageable for those with market access, adequate infrastructure to rely upon and capital investment. But landless tenant farmers, as well as resource-poor and marginal communities, remain trapped in traditional systems. They are experiencing shrinking returns and the loss of stable agricultural jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThose who have land and savings can adapt,\u201d says Mohammad Bulu, a farmer in the Vajanpur Patha Para village of Godagari. \u201cFor the poor, it\u2019s impossible.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A drought-prone region<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Barind Tract is one of the driest zones in the country, with annual rainfall<\/a> half of that seen in eastern and southern Bangladesh. It is also prone to drought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the past decade, groundwater levels have dropped by nearly 10-15 metres in many upazilas in the region. That is according to Mohammad Abdul Latif Sarkar, an assistant engineer at the Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA), a government body overseeing the tract\u2019s agricultural development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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Post-harvest rice husking by villagers in the union of Matikata, Godagari (Image: Tanmoy Bhaduri \/ IWMI)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"man<\/div>
In the union of Pakri, agricultural labourer Sunil Maddi maintains this dragon fruit orchard, planted five years ago (Image: Tanmoy Bhaduri \/ IWMI)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This is due to several reasons, one being the region\u2019s thick surface layer of clay. This prevents the percolation of water and thus makes groundwater recharge difficult, notes Chowdhury Sarwar Jahan, a professor at the University of Rajshahi\u2019s Department of Geology and Mining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTen years ago, a BMDA deep tube well could irrigate more than 200 bighas<\/em> [27 hectares] of land,\u201d says Abu Bakar, a pump operator at the Matikata union council, a local government body within Godagari. \u201cNow, it can barely serve half.\u201d The groundwater level has fallen so low that submersible pumps can no longer do the job.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Across Godagari, irrigation is increasingly difficult. Bakar notes that many tube wells have started to yield less water and, in a few cases, have stopped functioning. Meanwhile, many bodies of surface water in Godagari are already used for aquaculture<\/a>, which limits alternative irrigation sources in the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saving groundwater<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

BMDA had historically used deeper tube wells to meet large-scale irrigation needs, and operates around 16,000 deep tube wells in the region. However, aquifer depletion has meant no new installations since 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since 2024, the BMDA\u2019s pumps in these particular upazilas have been limited to operating for a maximum of 980 hours from mid-February to mid-May, when the boro crops (high-yielding winter rice) reach peak thirst in the Barind Tract. This is down from 1,200-1,400 hours. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
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\"broken<\/div>
A broken tube well in Matikata has left villagers dependent on temporary water pipelines such as this, as well as electric pumps (Image: Tanmoy Bhaduri \/ IWMI)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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In Matikata, a villager installs a household electric pump for daily water needs, and for irrigating crops when supplies from the local authority are limited (Image: Tanmoy Bhaduri \/ IWMI)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Latif notes that the BMDA simultaneously introduced a \u201crotational irrigation system\u201d in 2024. This entails supplying water to only a third of the area it operates during the boro season, by delivering water from one deep tube well rather than three. Each serves 1-2 hectares of land. \u201cThis means farmers who receive irrigation this year will not get it for the next two years,\u201d he clarifies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latif adds that field inspections by BMDA officials indicate groundwater levels have increased. Quantified data is not yet available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lowered cap and rotational irrigation have rapidly reshaped local cropping decisions. In the union of Pakri in Godagari, total boro rice cultivation shrank from 1,300 hectares in 2024 to around 1,050 last year, notes Mohammad Anisur Rahman. \u201cVegetables, maize and lentils have replaced many paddy fields because water is no longer available,\u201d says the sub-assistant agricultural officer for Pakri council.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The BMDA\u2019s policy is intended to regulate groundwater extraction, but experts say it may have inadvertently spurred unregulated private pumping. Many farmers are installing their own shallow tube wells, or relying on privately-operated electric pumps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This often leads to groundwater extraction beyond the reach of government monitoring, notes Jahangir Alam Khan. He directs the DASCOH Foundation (Development Association for Self-reliance, Communication and Health), a local NGO focused on water issues. In upazilas across the region, Khan says \u201cgroundwater extraction is effectively going unmonitored, as existing systems of water management are unable to scale and [curb] spread of usage.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRestricting state-operated irrigation without strengthening local water governance leads to a parallel, unregulated market,\u201d adds Jahan of the University of Rajshahi. \u201cIt undermines the very goal of groundwater sustainability.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Switching crops: A two-tier adaptation story<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

With these policy changes, farmers are now faced with new opportunities and challenges shaped by market access and infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Godagari, farmers living near highways and marketplaces, such as those in the union of Matikata and parts of the union of Gogram, are far more likely to switch crops than those in more remote or upland areas, like Pakri, due to their visibility and connection to markets and customers. \u201cMarket access is the single biggest enabler,\u201d says Ahmed. \u201cFarmers who can sell fruits directly earn better.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hasibul Islam was working in construction in Dhaka, Bangladesh\u2019s capital. After the Covid-19 pandemic hit, he returned home to the village of Gopalpur in Matikata, where he converted his boro paddy fields into a dragon fruit orchard. Islam tells Dialogue Earth that one bigha<\/em> (0.134 hectares) of paddy yields a net profit of BDT 80,000 (USD 655) annually, while dragon fruit earns BDT 500,000-600,000 (USD 4,900).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He highlights the benefits of the conversion, and his farm\u2019s location beside the state highway: \u201cWholesalers come to me. I don\u2019t even go to the market.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Five<\/div>
Mango farmers in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, transport mangoes by bicycle to the region\u2019s traditional seasonal markets, which run between May and July (Image: Bipul Ahmed \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Such transitions are capital-intensive. Establishing one bigha of dragon fruit requires around BDT 250,000 (USD 2,045), Islam notes. This is far beyond what marginal farmers can afford. Islam used his savings and obtained a loan from his brother (a migrant worker in Oman) to convert his fields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For smallholders who lease land, the decision to change crops is often not up to them. \u201cOwners decide what to grow,\u201d says Mohammad Rasid, a tenant farmer in Gorgoria, a village in Pakri. His landlord uses a sharecropping system: land is cultivated on a yearly basis and the harvest typically split equally between the landowner and tenant farmer. Rasid retains a small portion for household consumption and sells the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rasid notes his smallholding mostly cultivates a thin-grain local variety of kalijira rice, a miniature version of basmati rice. It is traditionally cultivated for personal consumption but has good market value as a premium rice. \u201cIf I don\u2019t grow [this variety of] rice, they won\u2019t lease me the land next season,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, agricultural labourers, particularly women and marginal communities, are losing<\/a> work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Some of the new crops being planted require less labour each year for pruning and orchard management, compared to the more intensive needs of paddy. \u201cA mango orchard may provide only three months of employment to an agricultural labourer, while paddy cultivation ensures year-round engagement,\u201d Jahan explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He notes that up to 15% of the Barind Tract\u2019s population is Indigenous and landless communities, who already lack access to land and resources. \u201cWith this agricultural transition, many of them have become further marginalised. This shift will inevitably push these communities toward out-migration.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shreya Chakraborty, regional researcher at the International Water Management Institute, says Barind farmers\u2019 adaptability and the changes being observed in the region \u201care evolving unevenly [as] those with resources are progressing, while the poorest remain trapped in uncertainty\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She adds that a \u201cmulti-level holistic approach\u201d is essential for any future adaptation initiatives in the region \u2013 \u201cone that connects groundwater governance with inclusive finance, farmer training and fair market systems\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chakraborty says: \u201cWithout an enabling environment, these transitions will remain isolated success stories, rather than a pathway to long-term resilience for Barind\u2019s water-stressed communities.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In response to water scarcity, agriculture in north-western Bangladesh is transitioning \u2013 but leaving landless communities behind<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000592,"featured_media":60131797,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[763,50039903],"tags":[50040317,20000060,50040749],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000116],"class_list":["post-60131756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","category-water","tag-farming","tag-groundwater","tag-livelihoods","country-bangladesh"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLandless Bangladeshi farmers suffer as paddy fades in Barind | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In response to water scarcity, agriculture in north-western Bangladesh is transitioning \u2013 but leaving landless communities behind\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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