{"id":60133545,"date":"2026-05-19T17:26:36","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T16:26:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60133545"},"modified":"2026-05-26T17:39:45","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T16:39:45","slug":"chiles-salt-flats-and-the-lithium-race-neither-china-nor-the-us-wants-to-lose","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/chiles-salt-flats-and-the-lithium-race-neither-china-nor-the-us-wants-to-lose\/","title":{"rendered":"Chile\u2019s salt flats and the lithium race neither China nor the US wants to lose"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Along the dry plains shared by Chile, Argentina and Bolivia, a chain of high-altitude, wind-blown salt flats has long been seen as central to the global energy transition. This trio of territories is the Lithium Triangle, which holds more than half of the world\u2019s known reserves of the mineral. Lithium is needed for electric vehicle batteries and other renewable energy technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chile possesses the single largest share of the triangle, with a string of salt flats west of the Andes. These mineral-rich brine deposits run south from the vast Salar de Atacama. Lithium is mostly extracted from this brine, which is found approximately 10 metres below these lakes. In other words, this is a lucrative lithium corridor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The new government of Chile is signalling a sharp turn in the country\u2019s approach to lithium, one of its most strategic assets. The national resource policy has shifted frequently in recent years, leaving companies, communities and investors navigating an uncertain landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gabriel Boric, the former, leftist president, saw a way to bolster revenues by part-nationalising lithium with his 2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/chile-has-a-plan-to-boost-lithium-mining-can-it-do-it-sustainably\/\">National Lithium Strategy<\/a> (ENL). But his carefully laid plans have been dealt a blow by Jos\u00e9 Antonio Kast, the ultraconservative who took office on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/chiles-kast-take-office-biggest-right-wing-shift-decades-2026-03-11\/\">11 March<\/a>. Kast vows an abrupt change of course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the Kast administration\u2019s first moves was to place the economy and mining portfolios <a href=\"https:\/\/rareearthexchanges.com\/news\/chiles-mining-future-resets-as-president-jose-antonio-kast-takes-office\/\">under the same minister<\/a>, Daniel Mas \u2013 a signal that economic growth, the streamlining of permit approvals and mining policy will all move forward in unison. As <a href=\"https:\/\/plusmining.com\/2026\/03\/01\/tras-rechazo-de-contraloria-a-contratos-el-litio-se-instala-en-la-agenda-del-futuro-gobierno-y-evaluan-cambios-para-agilizar-permisos\/\">Kast said<\/a> during his presidential campaign: \u201cOur approach focuses on reducing the regulatory and tax burden and ensuring certainty, so as to foster a competitive market and attract new investment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This means Kast must now manage a delicate balancing act between the United States and China. Meanwhile, some of the most fragile high-Andean ecosystems are at stake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Jose-Antonio-Kast-and-Daniel-Mas_Victor-Burgos_-Direccion-de-Prensa-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Jose-Antonio-Kast-and-Daniel-Mas_Victor-Burgos_-Direccion-de-Prensa-768x521.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Jose-Antonio-Kast-and-Daniel-Mas_Victor-Burgos_-Direccion-de-Prensa-1024x695.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Jose-Antonio-Kast-and-Daniel-Mas_Victor-Burgos_-Direccion-de-Prensa-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"two men watching third man sign document\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">On May 15, Chilean President Jos\u00e9 Antonio Kast, together with Minister of Economy and Mining Daniel Mas, signs a bill simplifying the mining patent system (Image: V\u00edctor Burgos \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/prensa.presidencia.cl\/fotografia.aspx?id=328908\">Direcci\u00f3n de Prensa, Presidencia de la Rep\u00fablica de Chile<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Jose-Antonio-Kast-and-Daniel-Mas_Victor-Burgos_-Direccion-de-Prensa-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"489 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1737\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-strategy-left-unfinished\">A strategy left unfinished<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Boric\u2019s ENL sought to make Chile the world&#8217;s largest lithium producer, while also strengthening the state\u2019s role in the industry and upholding stringent environmental regulations. It also <a href=\"https:\/\/mma.gob.cl\/red-de-salares-es-una-realidad-ministros-aprueban-crear-seis-areas-protegidas-para-resguardar-diez-ecosistemas\/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=docs&amp;ust=1778085897115570&amp;usg=AOvVaw206fhPU6roBbqZGitBw4wV\">created<\/a> a network of protected areas, aiming to protect 30% of them by 2030, <a href=\"https:\/\/participa.minmineria.gob.cl\/uploads\/b14cf0ec-39fd-4640-911f-fc1969e0f860\/files\/file\/content\/3d9d808b-f3e7-4554-ae6a-099d8720b068\/sesion_Copiapo%CC%81_25.11.25.pdf?Expires=1778127055&amp;Key-Pair-Id=KB9B1AMQ1BB3J&amp;Signature=1BeHWP5HYzB-R0p47nGL1xjPEi5mVUgt5wuPVe5GW1eVprKh7zCVeS7rw6TnqpnoHZ9i2nn38qj5vFmgKPudwO2~baWFJ29n3IZFAE1ZyPe7QlAlUujl0PRZBbcDfCHO4f5mFOmBHB4LAxbxaNhmRBvoOz95amNOMpiMfPM~vKHaAxI-AdM33HK9CMh06TvPxPertMscb1LCpM6Li0vMKvLHVNC8U~QIbR~0Cd4WMZV0svTAJW0mrBM5Xw4KQ7hnA9ykuwduaP6S2ehLzb1d2oyQ7H26uANms~iHFOOVZEiDEqTznBpQ7C5bViA5nZ4HZFb2DX3zh2gpBARsghkzeA__&amp;utm\">with 7.7%<\/a> so far protected. This nationalisation drive birthed the NovaAndino Litio venture between the state copper company Codelco and Chile\u2019s chemicals giant SQM. NovaAndino Litio was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codelco.com\/en\/prensa\/2025\/codelco-y-sqm-forman-novaandino-litio-la-sociedad-conjunta-para-el\">established<\/a> in December 2025 and has licenses to operate on the Salar de Atacama until 2060.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The ENL\u2019s framework remains nominally in place under Kast but aside from NovaAndino Litio, its tendered projects are still awaiting approval. Kast, who is seen as more pro-business than Boric, is likely to take a different approach according to Francisco Urdinez, who directs the Millennium Nucleus on the Impacts of China in Latin America and the Caribbean. \u201cUltimately, [the ENL] was left unfinished by the previous government and the current administration has no interest in pushing it forward,\u201d Urdinez tells Dialogue Earth, \u201cbecause the values \u200b\u200bof that policy are very much against its general economic strategy. Perhaps I\u2019m wrong, but I don\u2019t believe the ENL is going anywhere \u2013 at least for the four years Kast is in power.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"60121782\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>In an indication of this shift in approach, the mining ministry told Dialogue Earth that Chile had failed to make the most of previous lithium booms. In a statement, it said its objective is to &#8220;ensure projects are effectively developed, using the instruments established by the current legal framework and providing certainty to investors who believe in our country&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEvery time a project is not executed or its processing is unnecessarily extended, the possibility of Chile developing, generating jobs and improving people\u2019s quality of life is delayed,\u201d they added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chile remains <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/14\/2\/33\">second<\/a> to Australia for national lithium production. The two countries account for approximately <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/statbase.org\/datasets\/metals\/lithium-production\/&amp;sa=D&amp;source=docs&amp;ust=1777927114394871&amp;usg=AOvVaw06IPeOcyfazW0j9-v6mMVz\">59%<\/a> of global output. But some of this lustre has begun to dull. Over the past few years, significant new deposits have been discovered elsewhere and, coupled with the drop in price to about <a href=\"https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/commodity\/lithium\">a quarter<\/a> of its November 2022 value, enthusiasm has dissipated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fragile-ecosystems-at-risk\">Fragile ecosystems at risk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kast has sought to weaken environmental protection thus far. In his first week in power, the president <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swissinfo.ch\/spa\/gobierno-de-kast-retira-43-decretos-ambientales-impulsados-en-el-mandato-de-boric\/91115664\">repealed<\/a> 43 environmental decrees put forward by Boric. This removed the protected status assigned to some endangered species and killed legislation that would have given Chile the fourth-largest marine protected area in the world. Among the quashed decrees were six that created protected areas on salt flats and high-Andean lakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Communities living near the salt flats fear Kast\u2019s business-first mantra could see the salt absorb the consequences, as the push for faster permitting puts pressure on environmental assessments and community consultation. Spokespeople for the Kast government have spoken regularly of their frustration at a \u201cpermitting culture\u201d surrounding extraction projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Extracting lithium from brine draws water out of the underground systems that sustain flamingo breeding grounds and wetlands. A <a href=\"https:\/\/geologia.uchile.cl\/noticias\/219450\/salar-de-atacama-se-hunde-1-2-cm-por-ano-por-extracciones-de-litio\">2024 study<\/a> found the Salar de Atacama (the largest salt flat in Chile) to be sinking by 1-2 cm per year because of this extraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAs a result of increased water evaporation from the lithium ponds, we are seeing less vegetation cover, decreased flamingo populations and the loss of nesting sites, and damage to microbial structures in wetland areas,\u201d microbiologist Dr Cristina Dorador, who has studied ecosystems of the salt flats extensively, tells Dialogue Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The industry is set to expand into other salt flats aside from Atacama, causing concern among communities living near salt flats. The Maricunga salt flat hosts the <a href=\"#bookmark=id.u1ihu7cdork4\">second-largest<\/a> lithium deposit in Chile. Codelco is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.riotimesonline.com\/codelco-pedernales-lithium-chile-12-million-april-2026\/\">exploring<\/a> a USD 900 million project with Rio Tinto, the UK-headquartered mining giant, and is projected to begin production in 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe Maricunga salt flat complex is a sacred place for the Colla people,\u201d Cindy Quevedo tells Dialogue Earth, fighting back tears as she explains the impacts of this project for her people and territory. She is president of the Consejo Nacional Pueblo Colla, an Indigenous representative organisation that brings together Colla communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s not just a salt flat: it hosts biodiversity in its lagoons and is an important biological corridor where there is flora and fauna, but also where our most sacred <em>apu<\/em> [sacred mountain spirit] watches over us \u2013 the Copayapu Volcano.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"hide-expand block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Maricunga-salt-flat-signing-ceremony_Alex-Ibanez_Direccion-de-Prensa-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Maricunga-salt-flat-signing-ceremony_Alex-Ibanez_Direccion-de-Prensa-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Maricunga-salt-flat-signing-ceremony_Alex-Ibanez_Direccion-de-Prensa-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Maricunga-salt-flat-signing-ceremony_Alex-Ibanez_Direccion-de-Prensa-scaled.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"group of people on low stage\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Dignitaries, including former Chilean President Gabriel Boric, at the signing ceremony for the updated special lithium operating contract at the Maricunga salt flat, Chile\u2019s second-largest lithium deposit, last February (Image: Alex Iba\u00f1ez \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/prensa.presidencia.cl\/fotografia.aspx?id=320132\">Direcci\u00f3n de Prensa, Presidencia de la Rep\u00fablica de Chile<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Maricunga-salt-flat-signing-ceremony_Alex-Ibanez_Direccion-de-Prensa-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"509 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-caught-between-washington-and-beijing\">Caught between Washington and Beijing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The race to control global battery supply chains is accelerating. Chile now finds itself sandwiched between the interests of two superpowers, the US and China. The latter has manoeuvred itself into a commanding position when it comes to mineral supply chains and the US under president Trump has sought to counter this, particularly in Latin America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kast appears to have picked a side very quickly: on his first day in office, he rushed back from his inauguration ceremony in the coastal city of Valpara\u00edso <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/chile-us-eye-collaboration-critical-minerals-rare-earths-2026-03-12\/\">to sign<\/a> a critical minerals deal with the US. His far-right bedfellow, Argentina\u2019s president Javier Milei, has also <a href=\"https:\/\/buenosairesherald.com\/business\/argentina-and-us-sign-critical-minerals-agreement\">signed<\/a> an MOU with the US.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the balancing act is less about lithium specifically than about the broader economic relationship. China remains Chile&#8217;s largest <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/390865-copper-pragmatism-and-going-green-a-history-of-chile-china-relations\/\">copper buyer<\/a> \u2013 a trade relationship worth billions annually \u2013 giving China significant leverage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI think that the objective now is to use lithium and other metals as a bargaining chip in exchange for geopolitical favours,\u201d says Urdinez. \u201cPart of the aim of those memoranda [with the US] is to prevent China from accessing certain key minerals and elements, such as rare earths.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-accordion block--accordion\"><span class=\"block--accordion__title\">What are rare earth elements?<\/span><div class=\"block--accordion__content\"><div class=\"block--accordion__content__inner\">\n<p>These are 17 varieties of heavy metal chemical elements distributed throughout Earth\u2019s crust. Worldwide, there are&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/periodicals\/mcs2024\/mcs2024-rare-earths.pdf\">110 million tonnes<\/a>&nbsp;of rare earths reserves, the US Geological Survey estimated in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The rare earths all have similar but&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geolsoc.org.uk\/media\/fv3hk3b0\/rare-earth-elements-briefing-note-final-new-format.pdf\">unusual chemical and physical properties<\/a>&nbsp;that make them critical for many modern technologies. For example,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/rareearths.com\/gadolinium\/\">gadolinium<\/a>&nbsp;is used in nuclear power reactors, while&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/rareearths.com\/scandium\/\">scandium<\/a>&nbsp;finds use in vehicle fuel cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rare earth elements fall under the broader term of critical minerals, which are key ingredients for modern technology. For example, the critical mineral lithium is vital for electric vehicle batteries, while nickel is used in stainless steel.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Chinese companies have already been burned by investments in the lithium industry. Plans for a USD 290 million BYD battery plant and USD 233 million Tsingshan facility were both <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/commodities\/chinas-byd-tsingshan-scrap-plans-chile-lithium-plants-newspaper-reports-2025-05-07\/\">scrapped<\/a> last year when lithium prices slumped. Tianqui Lithium, another Chinese company, owns a sizeable stake in SQM, but Chinese companies remain minority market players in Chilean lithium, without decision-making power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whatever policy the Kast administration pursues, access to lithium currently depends on a state-sanctioned structure. There are currently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gibsondunn.com\/chiles-lithium-regime-under-president-kast-pro-investment-tone-but-the-state-centric-model-still-governs\/\">10 projects<\/a> in the queue for approval, and Corfo has stated that these will be respected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With a potential flood of lithium investment looming on the horizon if regulations are weakened, communities fear ecosystems and habitats are likely to suffer the repercussions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI live here in the mountains \u2013 why should I have to be impacting and destroying my sacred lands to provide solutions for people on another continent who haven\u2019t stopped their CO2 emissions?\u201d asks Quevedo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe are paying the social and environmental consequences to create a solution to climate change \u2013 a problem we haven\u2019t created.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>President Kast promises investors a faster route to one of the world\u2019s most coveted minerals \u2013 but this threatens the ecosystems that surround them<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50000533,"featured_media":60133558,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758,764],"tags":[537,50040720,18133],"hashtags":[],"country":[50000024],"class_list":["post-60133545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-nature","tag-ecosystems","tag-geopolitics","tag-lithium","country-chile"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chile\u2019s salt flats and the lithium race neither China nor the US wants to lose | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"President Kast promises investors a faster route to one of the world\u2019s most coveted 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