{"id":60150786,"date":"2026-09-10T23:54:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T22:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/?p=60150786"},"modified":"2026-09-11T00:14:58","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T23:14:58","slug":"indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/","title":{"rendered":"Indonesia\u2019s captive coal: Could it lead the transition away?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Indonesia\u2019s commitment to the energy transition and move away from fossil fuels is being undermined by a critical loophole. The quiet surge<\/a> of captive coal \u2013 private, off-grid plants dedicated to powering industrial facilities \u2013 threatens not just the country\u2019s environmental targets, but also its market competitiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Editor\u2019s note:<\/p>

This is the last article in a five-part series on Indonesia\u2019s captive coal \u2013 private, off-grid coal plants that are being built to power industrial operations. Largely invisible in national energy transition plans, captive coal is justified by the country\u2019s export strategy. Our series investigates the loopholes that have kept coal expanding, who is benefitting, and what it means for a country caught between climate commitments and industrial ambition.\u00a0Read parts\u00a0one<\/a>,\u00a0two<\/a>,\u00a0three<\/a>\u00a0and four<\/a> here.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Much of this captive coal goes towards powering its nickel industry. Indonesia is the world\u2019s\u00a0top exporter<\/a> of nickel, and holds almost half<\/a> of the world\u2019s reserves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is this very status that positions Indonesia as a potential leader in transitioning away from coal: \u201cThat gives it leverage to set standards rather than follow them,\u201d said Randi Bachtiar, an energy finance specialist at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indonesia could capitalise on green premiums to shape the industrial coal transition, he explained. \u201cTransparent supply-chain MRV [monitoring, reporting and verification] could let Indonesian nickel, aluminium and steel command a premium,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It could also look into transition credits \u2013 a proposed type of carbon credit that monetises emissions avoided through early closures of coal power plants and their replacement by clean energy, he noted.\u00a0\u201cHigh-integrity carbon credits tied to switching captive plants from coal could improve early-replacement economics, an approach still in design, but promising.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the country has some way to go to reach this stage, experts Dialogue Earth spoke to point to several factors, both global and domestic, that could accelerate the pace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A conflicting commitment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Between July 2024 and July 2025, Indonesia added 4.5 gigawatts (GW) of operational captive coal capacity, and had nearly 8 GW of announced capacity in the pipeline, according to a report<\/a> by the Global Energy Monitor (GEM) and the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) published earlier this year. As of July 2025, Indonesia\u2019s total captive coal capacity was already at 19.3 GW, it noted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The combined capacity of Indonesia\u2019s prospective, operational and under-construction captive coal projects totalled nearly 31 GW, the report revealed. This figure outnumbers Australia\u2019s current coal fleet (22.8 GW), and nearly ties with Germany\u2019s 2024 coal capacity (32.3 GW).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNew additions of captive coal are found in Central Sulawesi and North Maluku and are all linked to the nickel industry,\u201d the report said, indicating the industry\u2019s heavy reliance on captive coal. This continued dependence presents a paradox for Indonesia\u2019s aim of reaching net-zero emissions by 2060.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A worker at a ferronickel smelter in Weda Bay Industrial Park, North Maluku. Much of Indonesia\u2019s new captive coal capacity can be found in the province and neighbouring Central Sulawesi, where nickel reserves are abundant (Image: Xu Qin \/ Xinhua \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A 2022 presidential regulation prohibited<\/a> new coal power plants with a few exceptions. It excluded coal projects that were already announced in state-owned utility PLN\u2019s 10-year business plan for the 2021-2030 period. Also omitted were national strategic projects that contribute to value-added processing of natural resources such as nickel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While nickel is touted as a key component of the energy transition due to its use in EV batteries, \u201cnot all of [Indonesia\u2019s] nickel actually goes to electrification\u201d, said Katherine Hasan, an analyst at CREA. \u201cA lot of the downstreaming capacity that the country has built is actually for stainless steel.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A recent CREA report<\/a> noted that 83% of Indonesia\u2019s 2025 nickel production went to stainless steel, with a mere 17% used for EV batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Competitive liability<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Most captive power continues to rely on coal as it is perceived to be the cheapest and most dependable option for operations with limited grid access and high demand for stable electricity, according to the Indonesian Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP)\u2019s 2025 Progress Report<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs)<\/strong><\/span>
\n

These finance agreements support developing countries in transitioning to cleaner energy sources and are primarily shaped to be as equitable as possible. The funding is provided by the International Partners Group (IPG). This group initially comprised Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the US.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first JETP was announced at COP26 in 2021 and was dedicated to South Africa. Since then, Indonesia, Vietnam and Senegal have also established Just Energy Transition Partnerships.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

However, this reliance leads to inefficiencies, higher emissions and regulatory challenges. As buyers shift to greener supply chains, it also exposes Indonesian products to market and financing risks, the report noted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNickel\u2019s heavy coal reliance is becoming a competitive liability as battery and EV buyers scrutinise embedded carbon,\u201d said Bachtiar, referring to the emissions generated during the production and transportation of an item before consumer use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A 2024 report<\/a> by IEEFA analysed Indonesia\u2019s aims to dominate the global EV battery industry. It pointed out that in the coming year, financial regulators worldwide will \u201cdemand emission disclosures from businesses, including those from the inputs to their products\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
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The shift to a green supply chain has already been affecting companies, with the IEEFA report citing two instances. In February 2023, global banks including Standard Chartered and DBS reportedly distanced<\/a> themselves from an aluminium smelter project by Indonesian coal giant Adaro (now called AlamTri), despite having previously lent to the group before. Similarly, in April 2024, South Korean automaker Hyundai ended<\/a> an aluminium purchase agreement with the company due to pressure from climate justice K-pop fandom group Kpop4Planet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBusinesses… don\u2019t want to be exposed to [reputational] risks like this,\u201d said Hasan, alluding to how Indonesia could increasingly be ruled out as a nickel supplier due to the externalities surrounding its supply chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Not everything should be powered by coal\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

If Indonesia wants to credibly claim leadership in transitioning away from captive coal, one of the first things it should do is limit domestic coal use, said Dinita Setyawati, senior energy analyst for Asia at energy think-tank Ember.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She added that the government could impose stricter measures when it comes to captive coal, such as setting a quota on the number of captive coal power plants and introducing emissions limits. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahmad Ashov Birry, programme director at Indonesian sustainable energy non-profit Trend Asia, highlighted the need to incorporate renewable energy into industrial facilities. Even if there was a need to use coal, the capacity should not be as large as it currently is, whether installed or planned, he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNot everything should be powered by coal. Renewable energy can be in the mix… It still can be a hybrid. There are alternatives,\u201d he told Dialogue Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finding funding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Indonesia launched JETP in November 2022 with an initial pledge of USD 20 billion in public and private financing to support a just energy transition in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, by December 2025, only\u00a0USD 3.1 billion<\/a> had been mobilised, with another USD 5.5 billion under negotiation for future projects, said Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Airlangga Hartarto at a press conference that month. In the 2025 JETP Progress Report, early retirement of coal power plants was moved to a lower priority position than in the 2023 plan, with legal, financial and technical difficulties cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bachtiar noted that the financing architecture for renewables development is in place. \u201cBut delivery has lagged [behind] the ambition.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
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He highlighted Indonesia\u2019s sovereign wealth fund Danantara in particular as being potentially \u201cgenuinely transformative\u201d for Indonesia\u2019s energy transition. This is due to the fund\u2019s scale, with assets reportedly worth around USD 900 billion<\/a>, and also as it consolidates the state-owned enterprises at the heart of the country\u2019s energy system: PLN for electricity, and Pertamina for oil and gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDanantara is well positioned to channel investment into renewable energy, responding to the growing demand from the industries which face increasing pressure to decarbonise,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experts who spoke to Dialogue Earth agreed that for Indonesia to lead the transition away from captive coal, the government should prioritise ending captive coal\u2019s expansion and making way for renewables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bachtiar highlighted the 2022 presidential regulation<\/a>, which also includes measures to expedite the development of renewable energy power plants, as being a key part of this process. The regulation is currently being revised<\/a> by the government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He said the regulation\u2019s implementing rules should be finalised so that some of its stipulations can be enforced. One is the requirement for any new developments exempted from the coal plant ban to commit to a minimum 35% reduction of emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finalising the revisions would also streamline renewables pricing and procurement, he said. The new pricing mechanism includes establishing a floor and ceiling price for renewable energy electricity tariffs, according to CNBC Indonesia<\/a>. Moreover, the new regulation will serve as a legal framework for pricing various types of renewables, including nuclear and hydrogen, that were previously not specifically addressed, a senior government official told the outlet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The revisions would also shorten negotiations on renewables projects laid out in the PLN\u2019s 10-year business plan (RUPTL), which he said have been drawn out, leading to project delays. According to the latest RUPTL, the government aims to have over 75% of its new power generation capacity be from renewable sources by 2034.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indonesia would also need to redesign its renewables financing architecture, Bachtiar said. It can do this by channelling capital from Danantara towards renewables and transmission, and making concessional terms and grants accessible for JETP, which currently leans heavily on commercial-rate loans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAs the largest JETP recipient, Indonesia is effectively a live test of whether the JETP model works in the Global South, so the lessons it generates, and the standards it sets for green smelting will travel well beyond its borders,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

With the country dominating nickel exports, its moves towards green industry could make the greatest impacts<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50001017,"featured_media":60150823,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757],"tags":[513,520,17073,544,566],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040717],"class_list":["post-60150786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","tag-carbon-emissions","tag-coal","tag-energy-transition","tag-finance","tag-mining","country-indonesia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIndonesia\u2019s captive coal: Could it lead the transition away? | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"With the country dominating nickel exports, its moves towards green industry could make the greatest impacts\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Indonesia\u2019s captive coal: Could it lead the transition away?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"With the country dominating nickel exports, its moves towards green industry could make the greatest impacts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Dialogue Earth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-10T22:54:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-10T23:14:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Nickel-mining-on-Kawe-Island-Indonesia_Associated-Press_Auriga-Nusantara_Alamy_3E6YME7-1200px-copy.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Miriam Bahagijo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Miriam Bahagijo\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/a41179bfe0996020409379bee932d5a6\"},\"headline\":\"Indonesia\u2019s captive coal: Could it lead the transition away?\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-10T22:54:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-10T23:14:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/\"},\"wordCount\":1650,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Nickel-mining-on-Kawe-Island-Indonesia_Associated-Press_Auriga-Nusantara_Alamy_3E6YME7-1200px-copy.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Carbon emissions\",\"Coal\",\"Energy transition\",\"Finance\",\"Mining\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Energy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/indonesias-captive-coal-could-it-lead-the-transition-away\/\",\"name\":\"Indonesia\u2019s captive coal: Could it lead the transition away? 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