About this article<\/p>
This article is a collaboration between Frontier Myanmar and China Dialogue. You can read a version on their website here<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n The winning bids ranged from 3.48 US cents per kilowatt hour to 5.1 cents \u2013 far below Myanmar\u2019s average cost of supplying power, which was 8.1 cents in early 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The ministry has already started negotiations on the power purchase agreement (PPA) with the first-ranked bidders, and letters of acceptance should be issued by early October according to the schedule in the tender documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The PPA only has to be signed within 150 days of the letter of acceptance being issued, but the tender rules also say that if the ministry cannot finalise the PPA with the first-ranked bidder within 15 days, it will start negotiating with the second-ranked bidder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The result had been widely anticipated since it emerged Chinese companies had submitted the majority of proposals<\/a> received by the 17 July deadline, but it is understood this left even Ministry of Electricity and Energy officials uncomfortable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An official from the ministry\u2019s Hydropower and Renewable Energy Section said the ministry had been expecting bids mainly from companies that had previously submitted direct proposals, particularly firms from Western countries, Japan and Thailand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cHonestly, we are as surprised as anyone to learn that Chinese companies had dominated the bidding because they hadn\u2019t shown much interest in [solar] projects before,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Unusually, most of the winners do not have significant experience as independent power producers: Sungrow is an inverter manufacturer, for example, while Longi makes solar panels. CMEC specialises in engineering, procurement and construction (EPC). \u201cHow can we compete with our own panel suppliers?\u201d questioned one person, whose consortium\u2019s proposal was significantly higher than the winning bid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Under the tender rules, bidders only needed to show they had \u201cdeveloped and\/or constructed\u201d three power projects in the past 10 years, including one with photovoltaic technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The official said it took more than 50 days before the bids were opened, rather than the 20 days indicated in the tender guidelines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cThe tender selection committee also didn\u2019t expect so many Chinese companies to bid and then they were aware of their lack of experience building and operating power projects,\u201d he said. \u201cI think the committee delayed the announcement because they needed more time to look into the background of the companies that passed the technical criteria.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n U Than Naing Oo, the managing director of the Electric Power Generation Enterprise, which ran the tender, had not responded to a request for comment before publication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A senior official at the Department of Electricity Power Planning confirmed the selection process had been \u201ca headache\u201d compared to previous tenders for gas-fired projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cIn the case of liquified natural gas tenders [in 2019], the ministry knew the winning companies very well because it had worked with them before,\u201d he said. \u201cBut the lowest bid prices [for the solar projects] are from companies that don\u2019t have much experience building or operating power plants. It made the selection committee nervous.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n He said the committee spoke to the bidders and in the end was satisfied with their plans for project financing, implementation and operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cFrom what I understand the idea is for the winning bidders not to do it themselves, but to bring in other contractors to build and operate the projects,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Under the terms of the draft PPA, the consortium cannot transfer more than 49% of the project to another entity within four years of commencing operations. The official suggested that the ministry might show some flexibility when negotiating the final PPA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cI don’t think this will be a problem. In our country, you can\u2019t follow the rules and regulations all the time, you act according to the situation. In this case, the ministry wants cheap electricity. The Chinese firms have offered it \u2026 the ministry would have preferred Western companies if the prices were the same, but they are very expensive,\u201d added the official.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An industry insider working for a Chinese energy conglomerate said the bidding result \u201cshows that Chinese companies are responsive and risk-taking in renewable energy ventures. It reflects the mature supply chains and business models behind the Chinese renewable energy industry’s overseas expansion.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cAs more Southeast Asian countries open their markets for renewables development, Chinese companies will have more opportunities to get involved in the region’s low carbon energy transition,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nevertheless, the background of the bidders is likely to fuel accusations that they are seeking to offload old inventory. A slowdown in solar installations in China had led to a supply glut for components that has prompted the Chinese authorities to propose restrictions<\/a> on the further expansion of manufacturing capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chinese firms may not have huge experience in foreign solar markets, according to Tim Buckley, director of energy finance studies at the Institute of Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA), but \u201cChina has been the world\u2019s largest investor domestically in solar every year since overtaking Germany at the start of the decade. And it is not like a solar project is a complex engineering feat,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n He added that smaller, modular renewables projects such as solar farms \u201ctend to bring competitive tension and transparency, all but squeezing out the endemic corruption evident in major traditional fossil fuel power projects.\u201d However, \u201cthis lack of bidder diversity is far from ideal for Myanmar in terms of building capacity for subsequent, even lower cost, renewable energy tenders.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The large number of bids submitted was surprising in part because of the tender design, which did little to encourage competition. Electric Power Generation Enterprise announced the tender in May at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, and gave prospective bidders just a month<\/a> to prepare bids. The requirement that they procure land, at a time when many parts of the country were inaccessible due to travel restrictions, drew sharp criticism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to three sources familiar with the situation, including one ministry official, the aim of the tender was to solicit new bids from companies that had previously proposed projects directly to the ministry. The ministry did not anticipate that anyone would be able to challenge those bids, the sources said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSome people have already submitted proposals and they already have the land,\u201d one bidder said in May, shortly after the tender was announced. \u201cSo this tender is like a challenge to other bidders to match them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n But after an outcry from the Western business community in Yangon, the ministry pushed back<\/a> the deadline a month, to mid-July. This may have opened the door for Chinese companies to participate. In early June, Myanmar and China agreed on a \u201cfast-track lane\u201d to enable Chinese businesspeople to enter the country, at a time when nationals from most other countries were struggling to enter. \u201cThrough this mechanism, personnel on critical posts of oil and gas, electricity and infrastructure projects have travelled back and resumed work,\u201d Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Zhao Lijian said at a press conference<\/a> on 15 June.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It wasn\u2019t just the deadlines and land acquisition requirements that put off prospective investors. The draft PPA is also unworkable for Western investors pursuing traditional project finance, due to ambiguities over take-or-pay provisions and other issues. The project timeline, including a 180-day deadline to commence full operations, is also considered hard to meet. It would require investors to build their solar plants at the same time as they are negotiating the PPA, making it almost impossible to access normal project finance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The ministry\u2019s permanent secretary for electricity, U Soe Myint, said on 17 September that despite the criticism the tender had been a success for the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cThere were many criticisms about the tender rules, mainly on the deadline for bid submission, but we did it like that in order to get these projects online as quickly as possible,\u201d he said by phone from Nay Pyi Taw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cI think the result has silenced the criticism. A lot of foreign firms bid for projects and it was, I think, very competitive. We also got relatively fair prices,\u201d he said, declining to answer further questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The announcement of the tender in May sparked a land acquisition frenzy, as companies sought to buy or lease hundreds of acres of land as close as possible to the 30 designated connection points in order to submit compliant bids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Many of the proposed sites are in central Myanmar\u2019s dry zone, where land is often unsuitable for agriculture and solar irradiance high, even during the monsoon season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cJune was a very unusual month,\u201d said a real estate agent from Thazi, who spoke on condition of anonymity. \u201cA lot of people came to Thazi looking for land. Some were Chinese and Indians but most were Burmese \u2013 either staffers of foreign firms or middlemen. Some wanted to buy, others wanted to lease\u2026 The transactions were very unusual.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n In Mandalay\u2019s Thazi township, which hosts two proposed projects \u2013 Thazi and Thabyaywa \u2013 locals said that brokers, middlemen and company staff had descended on the area shortly after the tender was announced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n One Chinese company asked him to find more than 130 acres near Thazi substation, but after several days of searching he gave up. \u201cMost land around Thazi is irrigated farmland, so the prices are high \u2013 around 4-5 million kyat (US$3,000-3,700) per acre \u2013 and not many people are willing to sell.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Administrators from several village tracts to the east of the town, not far from the substation, said that in early September there had been strong interest but concluding deals had been difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Zee Pin Pauk administrator U San Tun Aung said the village received many brokers in June and July, including some accompanied by foreigners. \u201cSome villagers were willing to work with them, but the problem is they have to secure about 150 acres of contiguous land,\u201d he said in an interview at his brother\u2019s cattle farm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The agent instead managed to arrange a land lease agreement with residents of Myo Gyi Kone, close to the Thabyaywa substation, on behalf of Spanish company Enerland and local partner Myanmar Infinite Energy. The land there is less fertile, and locals were happy to accept offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n More than 40 farmers leased around 130 acres in an area known as Myo Gyi Kwin South to the consortium for 15 years. They agreed a price of 1.8 million kyat (US$1,362) per acre, but the company only had to provide 30,000 kyat an acre initially, and would pay the rest if it was selected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The differing quality of the land is reflected in the number of bids: the Thabyaywa project attracted 12 overall \u2013 second only to Ta Nyaung in Magway Region, with 13 \u2013 while Thazi had only seven, despite being nearby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cThe plan was to lease our land for 15 years with a possible extension of 10 years,\u201d said U Than Tun, a resident of Myo Gyi Kone who leased 18 of his 25 acres. \u201cThe land isn\u2019t fertile, so I\u2019m happy to get something for it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n However, a few days before we visited, residents had already been informed by the agent that the full deal was cancelled, likely because the consortium had not passed the technical criteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Myo Gyi Kone residents said that several agreements were reached in June for large parcels of land, apparently for solar bids. A woman named Daw Phyu Phyu Myaing purchased more than 100 acres in Myo Kyi Kwin West, agreeing to pay 800,000 kyat to 1.1 million kyat (US$600-830) per acre, residents said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n U Than Chaung sold seven of his 20 acres to Phyu Phyu Myaing, receiving an initial payment of 130,000 kyat (US$98) per acre and providing her a copy of his land-use certificate. \u201cWe should have received the final payment in mid-August, but Phyu Phyu Myaing requested us to extend the deadline to the end of August,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n As of 3 September, Than Chaung and other residents were yet to receive the final payment from Phyu Phyu Myaing, and they considered the contract to be void. \u201cWe don\u2019t know why they wasted their money this way,\u201d Than Chaung said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Phyu Phyu Myaing, though, almost certainly has no intention of completing the sale. She is a director of Royal Ace Trading<\/a>, a Myanmar company that bid unsuccessfully for four sites, including Thabyaywa, together with PCS Machine Group Holdings, a Thai company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n With the first-ranked bidders now announced, the land deals they quickly hashed out in June and July are likely to come under much closer scrutiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n That could leave some in trouble, opening the door for bidders further down the list to take over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n At Thabyaywa, a consortium of Myanmar\u2019s Gold Energy \u2013 a subsidiary of the Asia World conglomerate \u2013 and Shanghai-based renewable energy firm Universal Energy<\/a> submitted a bid for 3.95 cents per kilowatt hour, just edging out the consortium of SPIC Yunnan International Power Investment and Primus Advanced Technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n But local people at Myo Gyi Kone say the land that Gold Energy used for the bid was owned by the community and had been quietly sold off without their knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Like Enerland and Royal Ace, Gold Energy acquired land in an area of more than 1,000 acres known as Myo Gyi Kwin \u2013 kwin<\/em> is a Burmese word for field or plain \u2013 that surrounds the village of Myo Gyi Kone. With the village at the centre, parts of Myo Gyi Kwin are referred to as north, east, south and west.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gold Energy\u2019s parcel is in Myo Gyi Kwin East, which covers more than 200 acres and is used as pasture. \u201cWe used to grow a variety of crops when we were young,\u201d said U Thar Ya, a resident in his 80s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n He said that farming had become impossible about 35 years ago due to changes in the climate that had decreased rainfall and increased the frequency of floods.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cIt forced us to shift from farming to other businesses,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In recent years, cattle breeding has become the main business in the area. In late 2017, Myanmar permitted live exports of cattle<\/a>, sparking a boom in sales of livestock to China and creating new demand for pasture. Myo Gyi Kwin is now home to around 4,000 cattle, residents said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n But then, in early June, residents were shocked to learn that a large chunk of Myo Gyi Kwin East had been sold to a bidder in the solar tender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An official from the Department of Agriculture Land Management and Statistics in Thazi confirmed that Gold Energy purchased 133.34 acres in early June.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cAs far as I know, Asia World intends to use it for a bid for the Thabyaywa solar power project,\u201d the official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said at a teashop in central Thazi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n He said there had been many land transactions in Thazi since the tender was announced in May, but the buyers were not obligated to inform the department. It only became aware of Gold Energy\u2019s purchase because Myo Gyi Kone residents had disputed the transaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n More than 100 residents signed a complaint letter and sent it to the Mandalay Region government, as well as relevant government departments, calling on the authorities to review the ownership of 121.66 acres that Gold Energy had purchased from seven individuals on 13 June.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The land records official said land use certificates, which signify land ownership and are known in Myanmar as \u201cform seven\u201d, had been issued to seven individuals in late 2013, about a year after the Farmland Law was enacted. He added that there was no record of residents having objected to issuing certificates to the seven individuals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n However, Myo Gyi Kone residents said government officials had failed to inform them about the application for land ownership at the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cWe had zero knowledge that the land had been registered by people who don\u2019t live here. We just assumed that Myo Gyi Kwin East remained vacant land under the management of the government,\u201d Thar Ya said. \u201cThis pasture is essential for our livelihoods \u2013 without it, we won\u2019t be able to continue breeding cattle.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gold Energy\u2019s corporate communications director Ko Chris Lone said the company had purchased the land from verified owners and was not aware of any ownership dispute. He declined to comment further.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bidders have also been left confused as to the rules regarding environmental assessments, which are often a bottleneck on major constructions projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Myanmar\u2019s environmental permitting system is relatively new, with the relevant procedures<\/a> only introduced in 2015. A backlog of EIAs and initial environmental examinations, which are for less sensitive undertakings, has previously delayed the issuing of environmental compliance certificates<\/a> (ECC) that are required to commence activities. In practice, many companies have begun construction without ECCs or even without conducting any impact assessment at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Under the EIA procedure, solar projects below 50 megawatts are not required to have an initial environmental examination, while an EIA is only necessary if the Ministry of Electricity and Energy requires it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ChinaDialogue_MyanmarSolarTender_CC2020_2160x2520px-1.png\")
<\/div>Unexpected Chinese bids<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The tender selection committee also didn\u2019t expect so many Chinese companies to bid and then they were aware of their lack of experience building and operating power projects<\/blockquote>An official from the ministry\u2019s Hydropower and Renewable Energy Section<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
I don’t think this will be a problem. In our country, you can\u2019t follow the rules and regulations all the time, you act according to the situation.<\/blockquote>A senior official at the Department of Electricity Power Planning<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
A flawed tender process<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Solar-Project-in-Myanmar-land-for-sale-1821-scaled.jpg\")
<\/div>\u2018Everyone was looking to secure land\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Solar-Project-in-Myanmar-cattle-farm-1814-scaled.jpg\")
<\/div>Trouble for winning bidders?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Thazi-1.jpg\")
<\/div>Hurried environmental checks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n