{"id":68881,"date":"2020-12-01T16:41:32","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T16:41:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=68881"},"modified":"2021-02-15T09:56:23","modified_gmt":"2021-02-15T09:56:23","slug":"zimbabwe-energy-policy-still-favouring-coal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/zimbabwe-energy-policy-still-favouring-coal\/","title":{"rendered":"Zimbabwe\u2019s energy policy still favouring coal over renewables"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Despite Zimbabwe\u2019s abundant potential for renewable power, the country is embarking on a coal-power building spree of as much as 8 gigawatts, much of it to be built and financed by Chinese companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In July, Zimbabwe\u2019s president, Emmerson Mnangagwa, toured eight companies that own new coal mines, coking coal plants and power generation plants in Hwange, a district rich in coal and wildlife in the province of Matabeleland North. As the tour progressed, local firm Western Areas announced plans to build two 300MW coal plants, while another, Zimbabwe Gas and Coal, said it would build a 750MW plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chinese companies are also building new coal infrastructure in the country. Zimbabwe Zhongxin Electrical Energy (ZZEE), which is a joint venture with the Zimbabwe Defence Force, is building a 50MW power plant with plans to expand that to 430MW. Dinson Colliery, the coal-mining subsidiary of steelmaker Tsingshan Holding Group, is building a US$300 million coking plant. When Mnangagwa visited, the company said it was also planning a 100MW coal plant although when China Dialogue visited in November it said it put the capacity at 12MW. Finally, Jinan Corporation is planning a 600MW plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"zimbabwe<\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In September, barely two months after Mnangagwa\u2019s visit, both ZZEE and Tsingshan were fingered by environmental organisations for mining coal in the Hwange National Park, a national outrage that compelled the government to immediately stop the mining activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nonetheless, other major coal projects remain in the pipeline, namely the US$3 billion 2,800MW thermal power plant in Gokwe that RioZim Energy is building with engineering and financial support from China Gezhouba Group Company, and PER Lusulu Power\u2019s proposed 2,100MW power plant in the north-western district of Binga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/div>
A worker passes coal-processing machinery at Makomo Resources coal mine in Hwange. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Tafadzwa Mputa, PER\u2019s chief development officer, said China State Engineering Construction Corporation is the project\u2019s EPC contractor and debt financer, bringing in 85% of a total US$2 billion loan facility through a guarantee scheme set up by China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation (Sinosure) required for the first of three phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is an EPC contract?<\/span>

Engineering, Procurement and Construction contracts are a common infrastructure project deal.<\/p>

The EPC contractor takes charge of aspects of the project\u2019s design and engineering, procurement of raw materials and construction equipment, and building work itself.<\/p>

The contract does not include ownership and typically an EPC contractor\u2019s involvement in the project ends when construction is completed.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zimbabwe\u2019s new coal mines and power projects are part of a government plan to achieve a US$12 billion mining economy<\/a> by 2023 that will make the country self-reliant in power generation and a net exporter of power regionally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From energy insecurity to self-sufficiency<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Zimbabwe\u2019s rush for coal power is hardly surprising given its chronic power shortages<\/a> and abundant coal deposits, estimated at around 25 billion tonnes. The country has plenty of solar, hydro and geothermal potential. The energy mix is heavily skewed toward hydro (70%) and coal power (29%), according to the Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"AC<\/div>
AC Moyo of Spitzkop uses firewood for cooking and solar energy for his phone, television and radio. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

However, ageing coal infrastructure, drought and a lack of investment mean Zimbabwe only generates 1,096MW, despite peak demand of 2,200MW. The deficit is met by electricity imports from neighbouring countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hwange coal-power station generates about 40% of the country\u2019s electricity. Units 7 & 8 are being expanded by Chinese state company Sinohydro through a US$1.3 billion loan from the Chinese government. This will increase its generation capacity from 920MW to 1,520MW by 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"A<\/div>
A view of the Hwange thermal power station which is going through a US$1.5 billion expansion. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"A<\/div>
A worker at the construction site at Dinson Colliery at Mpongola village in Hwange. Dinson Colliery is building a coking plant about 15 kilometres east of Hwange town. The site employs about 100 local people and 50 Chinese. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kariba South hydroelectric dam is the country\u2019s biggest generator, with a capacity of 1,050MW. This follows a 300MW expansion in 2018, again with funding from China. However, poor rains have lately affected the plant\u2019s reliability. Zimbabwe and Zambia have also agreed to build the 2,400MW Batoka Gorge hydropower plant on the Zambezi River, selecting Power Corporation of China and General Electric as the main contractors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To resolve the power shortages, the government is mostly focused on expanding coal production from three million tonnes annually to 15 million tonnes. But the many new power projects in Hwange and elsewhere that China is financing will increase the dominance of coal in the country\u2019s energy mix when the world is moving away from fossil fuels and investors are increasingly declining to fund coal projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"The<\/div>
In 2015, IntraTrek Zimbabwe won the right to build a multi-million-dollar solar farm on the outskirts of Gwanda, in Matabeleland South province, but has since only managed to erect a perimeter wire and these temporary buildings. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Only one non-hydro renewable energy project, the 100MW Gwanda solar plant, has the backing of China but the project has stalled because of squabbles between the contractors \u2013 IntraTrek Zimbabwe and its partner CHiNT Electric Company \u2013 and the project owners \u2013 the Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engineer Oliver Magwenzi, a project director with IntraTrek said the preliminary work, including feasibility study, topographical study and geotechnical study, had been completed. The project is now awaiting confirmation of funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government recently gave the nod for the solar project to proceed after IntraTrek presented a revised implementation plan in which it undertook to deliver the first 10MW within six months of financial closure \u2013 and reduced the project cost from $172 million to $139 million.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Bongani<\/div>
Bongani Maphosa says he is aware of the deforestation caused by cutting trees for firewood but says it\u2019s the cheapest source of energy. He sells the extra firewood by the wheelbarrow load. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe renegotiated with ZPC on what we called the contract statement and we have found each on all the other issues except for one sticking issue. We have agreed with ZPC that a variation of the feasibility study must be redone,\u201d he told China Dialogue. This is because the first study conducted by Shanghai Electric Power Design Institute has been made obsolete by technological changes, he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A sustainable energy policy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tapuwa O\u2019brien Nhachi, a project manager with civil society organisation the Centre for Natural Resource Governance said an increase in coal mining and coal power contradicted Zimbabwe\u2019s own policies and strategies, such as the National Climate Response Strategy and the National Renewable Energy Policy, which are supposed to reduce carbon emissions and manage the negative effects of climate change. Zimbabwe is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and has promised to reduce its greenhouse emissions by 33% by 2030<\/a> but this target may not be met if the new coal projects go ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aside from the climatic effects, Nhachi pointed to the significant environmental degradation and health complications, such as respiratory problems, caused by coal power development. Residents of Hwange town and its vicinity have complained of coal dust pollution caused by trucks carrying coal to the coking plants or power station, and water pollution on the Deka River caused by the mining companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"\"\/<\/div>
Mbwemu Ncube preparing lunch outside his house in one of the most areas in Madumabisa village most affected by coal dust from the opencast mine at run by Hwange Colliery. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Lynnete<\/div>
Lynnete Macheza says she deals with the coal dust everyday in her house and is afraid she may contract black lung disease. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Bakani Kwidini, a councillor in Hwange said mining in the area had been of little benefit to the community as companies were reluctant to rehabilitate the land they damage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOne of the companies operating in the area, Zimbabwe ZhongXin Coking Company (a subsidiary of ZZEE), has caused immense dust pollution to Lukosi primary school, Lukosi hospital, Lukosi irrigation scheme and surrounding villages when they shunt coal to their coking plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe company has recently undertaken to tar the four kilometres of road that leads to their plant but only after a long fight with the community,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"After<\/div>
After many years of lobbying by the Lukosi community, the Zimbabwe Zhongxin Coking Company has started resurfacing the road to its plant. Villagers have long complained of dust and noise pollution from trucks going to and from the plant. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Andrea Phiri, a resident of Zvabo village in Hwange said he had lost several goats and cows because the Deka is polluted. His family sometimes fetch drinking water from the river when the borehole they normally use is out of order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhachi said the country should use its renewable energy potential to create a sustainable energy policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLast year, the country launched the Renewable Energy and BioFuels policies which are supposed to catalyse investments into renewable energy. By using these policies, the country should easily be able to transit from the use of fossil fuels to low-carbon renewables. The global shift from coal financing also demands that Zimbabwe follow,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/div>
Andrea Phiri of Zwabo village in Ward 9 of Hwange says he has lost about four goats this year due to pollution on the Deka River. Many mining companies upstream discharge effluent into the river, killing fish and livestock that drink the water. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Isaiah Nyakusenda, chair of the Renewable Energy Association of Zimbabwe, said that while the country can tap into its abundant coal resources to alleviate power shortages it has an obligation to follow its renewable energy policy, which targets 1,100MW of renewable energy by 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He said renewables were also cheaper to build and run than coal plants with their cost having gone down significantly over the years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

China\u2019s support for coal mining projects in Zimbabwe appears at variance with President Xi Jinping\u2019s promise to achieve domestic carbon neutrality by 2060<\/a>. As one of the world\u2019s leaders in renewable energy installation and generation, China has the expertise and wherewithal to help Zimbabwe maintain a low-carbon energy mix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Road<\/div>
A sign on the road leading to Dinson Colliery at Mpongola village in Hwange. Dinson Colliery is building a coking plant in Mpogola, about 15 kilometres east of Hwange town. (Image: KB Mpofu<\/a> \/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

But Dr Emmnauel Matambo, a senior research at the University of Johannesburg\u2019s Centre for Africa-China Studies, said coal seems a viable option for Zimbabwe notwithstanding the environmental risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cChina and Chinese companies are loath to suggest what might be at variance with their partner\u2019s decisions. Whether using coal, nuclear or hydropower in Africa [it] should primarily be Africa\u2019s responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf China\u2019s African partners choose to concentrate on coal-generated power, China will revert to its non-interference policy as a default position. Of utmost importance should be African urgency in deciding safer and more durable means of generating electricity, rather than devolving or outsourcing responsibility to China,\u201d Matambo said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Private Chinese companies are funding and building most of Zimbabwe’s coal power developments<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3513,"featured_media":68904,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757],"tags":[520,535,585],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040746],"class_list":["post-68881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","tag-coal","tag-divestment","tag-renewables","country-zimbabwe"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nZimbabwe\u2019s energy policy still favouring coal over renewables<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Despite Zimbabwe\u2019s abundant potential for renewable power, the country is embarking on a coal-power building spree, funded by Chinese business\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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