{"id":72509,"date":"2021-07-13T12:41:45","date_gmt":"2021-07-13T12:41:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=72509"},"modified":"2021-07-23T08:39:52","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T08:39:52","slug":"is-hydrogen-the-new-oil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/is-hydrogen-the-new-oil\/","title":{"rendered":"Is hydrogen the new oil?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The Tokyo Olympics, assuming they go ahead later this month, will be powered by a fuel with ambition \u2013 hydrogen. The Olympic flame is already burning it. The Olympic village will be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg25033362-100-japan-wants-to-use-the-olympic-games-to-promote-hydrogen-to-the-world\/\">powered<\/a> by hydrogen made at a solar power plant in the exclusion zone created after the Fukushima nuclear accident a decade ago. Toyota\u2019s Mirai cars, which run on hydrogen-fuel cells, will provide most of the Games\u2019 official transport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe 1964 Tokyo Olympics left the Shinkansen high-speed train system as its legacy. The upcoming Olympics will leave a hydrogen society as its legacy,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.japan.go.jp\/tomodachi\/2016\/spring2016\/tokyo_realize_hydrogen_by_2020.html\">Yoichi Masuzoe,<\/a> then governor of Tokyo, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/tokyo-hopes-to-make-hydrogen-power-the-star-of-the-2020-olympics-1442174267\">declared<\/a> in 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Japan, once a passionate advocate of nuclear energy, now has serious hydrogen ambitions<em>. <\/em>The country has the world\u2019s largest network of hydrogen filling stations. It is planning to replace fossil fuels with hydrogen in heavy industries such as steel-making. And it has a head start in organising imports of the fuel. In 2019, Kawasaki Heavy Industries launched the Suiso Frontier, the world\u2019s first ship designed to carry liquefied hydrogen. It aims to tap promised Australian hydrogen production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/flo.uri.sh\/visualisation\/6665561\/embed\" title=\"Interactive or visual content\" class=\"flourish-embed-iframe\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\"><\/iframe><div style=\"width:100%!;margin-top:4px!important;text-align:right!important;\"><a class=\"flourish-credit\" href=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/6665561\/?utm_source=embed&amp;utm_campaign=visualisation\/6665561\" target=\"_top\" style=\"text-decoration:none!important\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Neighbouring South Korea has similar plans. In March this year, car-maker Hyundai, the SK Group conglomerate and others announced a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hydrogenfuelnews.com\/hydrogen-fuel-investment\/8543455\/#:~:text=Five%20major%20conglomerates%20in%20South,an%20H2%20economy%20by%202030\">US$38-billion project<\/a> to develop a hydrogen-based economy in the coming decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wide-spread use of hydrogen, it if really happens, will have been a long time coming. The first hydrogen-powered engine was working as long ago as 1807, and people were proposing making hydrogen by electrolysing water, to replace coal as early as the 1860s. But coal and oil were always cheaper. And the Hindenburg disaster, when a hydrogen-filled airship exploded in 1937, gave the fuel a reputation as unsafe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"66397\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>There is talk that a global \u201chydrogen economy\u201d can emerge to save the climate from carbon emissions. Hydrogen could power trucks, ships and planes and be used to produce everything from cement to steel and fertiliser. Saehoon Kim, the head of Hyundai\u2019s fuel cell division told a British <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uPheZEW9YuA\">trade association webinar<\/a> last year: \u201cIn the past, our technology and industry was all about collecting oil, delivering oil and using oil. And now, in the future, it will be collecting sunshine, delivering sunshine and using sunshine \u2013 and what will make that possible is hydrogen.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Others are much more sceptical. \u201cIt is only ever going to be a niche energy source,\u201d said Tom Baxter, a chemical engineer at the University of Aberdeen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With current technology, hydrogen has an advantage for fuelling industrial processes where temperatures above 400C are required, Baxter added. But otherwise, green hydrogen will usually lose out to electricity where the latter can do the job. \u201cGreen hydrogen can never be cheaper than the green electricity needed to make it,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-grey-green-or-blue\">Grey, green or blue?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrogen is rarely burned directly as a fuel source. Instead it is used as a carrier of energy, made where cheap energy is available for manufacture and shipping round the world to where it is needed. Usually that means in a fuel cell inside a vehicle engine, where the gas is mixed with oxygen, releasing its energy and emitting only water vapour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the past two years, electric cars have stolen a march on hydrogen, with most major car makers bringing out models and some, like General Motors, promising to manufacture only electric vehicles within 15 years. They have government backing too, with heavy spending on recharging networks. But for other fossil-fuel guzzling transport systems which cannot easily plug into the mains, such as long-distance shipping and aviation, hydrogen may turn out to be the key to lowering carbon emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-story-image block--story-image\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--story-image__column\"><div class=\"block--story-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/electric-vehicle_00b34695cb_6k-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/electric-vehicle_00b34695cb_6k-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/electric-vehicle_00b34695cb_6k-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/electric-vehicle_00b34695cb_6k-1400x932.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/electric-vehicle_00b34695cb_6k-1800x1198.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/electric-vehicle_00b34695cb_6k-scaled.jpg\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 999px) 1024px, (max-width: 1400px) 1400px, (max-width: 2000px) 2000px, 2560px\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--story-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--story-image__caption\">Hydrogen may have lost, to electricity, the competition to power the next generation of personal vehicles (Image: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/26344495@N05\/\">Ivan Radic<\/a> \/ Flickr, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/electric-vehicle_00b34695cb_6k-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"427 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1703\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The gas contains more energy for every tonne than any fossil fuel, and avoids the need for batteries. But manufacturing it takes a lot of electricity. So it is only as climate friendly as the energy used to produce it. Engineers thus distinguish between grey, blue and green hydrogen. Grey is made from natural gas or coal, and has a large carbon footprint. Blue is also made from fossil fuels but the carbon dioxide emissions are captured or re-used. Green is from renewable electricity and need have no carbon footprint at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"72061\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Right now, grey hydrogen is cheapest and the predominant type for industrial uses. China produces around a third of the world\u2019s hydrogen, largely from lignite coal. Russia is working on plans to use its abundant gas reserves to produce grey and blue hydrogen. To be a viable climate-friendly alternative to fossil fuels, manufacturers would have to capture the CO2 generated during production and bury it out of harm\u2019s way. However, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is still very much work in progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baxter, of the University of Aberdeen, said fossil fuel companies are behind the push to promote hydrogen as an alternative to electricity for everything from vehicle fuel to home heating. Oil giant BP is considering plans for a blue hydrogen plant on Teesside in England that it says would capture and store the resulting CO2 emissions <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-bp-decarbonisation-idUKKBN2BA0Q7\">underground<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In their long-term plans, major oil companies are looking at hydrogen as a potential source of income, once demand for petrol and diesel starts petering out. Their move towards alternative fuels has been painfully slow. BP will make a final investment decision on Teeside only in three years\u2019 time and it doesn\u2019t expect to start actual construction before 2027 \u2013 three years before all new cars in the UK are expected to be electric.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">If those subsidies were removed, alternative fuels like hydrogen would stand a better chance of becoming widely adopted<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\">Seifi Ghasemi, chief executive of Air Products<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cFor the moment, fossil fuels are cheaper and much more widely available than hydrogen. This comes in part because of large government subsidies across the globe which amount to US$400 billion. If those subsidies were removed, alternative fuels like hydrogen would stand a better chance of becoming widely adopted,\u201d said Seifi Ghasemi, chief executive of US industrial gas company Air Products at a BNEF conference in New York this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The real prize, if the world is serious about developing a low-carbon hydrogen economy, would have to be the mass production of green hydrogen. Some countries already see themselves as potentially the \u201cSaudi Arabia of hydrogen\u201d, mass producing the fuel using cheap renewable energy. Among them are Canada and Iceland, which both have abundant hydroelectricity that could help manufacture it. Iceland also has geothermal energy. <a href=\"https:\/\/eu.boell.org\/en\/2021\/02\/09\/green-hydrogen-morocco-no-magic-bullet-europes-climate-neutrality\">Morocco<\/a> is rapidly developing solar power in the Sahara desert and has designs on hydrogen production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saudi Arabia has its own plans. The country recently announced that, with Air Products, it is building a US$5-billion green hydrogen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldoil.com\/news\/2021\/3\/5\/saudi-arabia-takes-steps-to-lead-the-700b-global-hydrogen-market\">plant<\/a> along the shore of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20201112-the-green-hydrogen-revolution-in-renewable-energy\">Red Sea<\/a>. A vast estate of solar panels and wind turbines will eventually cover a patch of desert the size of Belgium, powering what would be the world\u2019s biggest hydrogen factory. Production is set to begin in 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The project would be part of the proposed eco-city of Neom, a scheme of the country\u2019s de facto leader Mohammed bin Salman. Besides supplying the eco-city, the hydrogen would be exported, one day replacing Saudi oil with Saudi hydrogen on world markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neighbouring Oman has plans to go even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/may\/27\/oman-plans-to-build-worlds-largest-green-hydrogen-plant\">bigger<\/a>. Its proposed US$30-billion hydrogen plant on the shores of the Arabian Sea would export both green hydrogen and \u201cgreen ammonia\u201d, to replace fossil-fuel produced chemical fertilisers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Australia has similarly ambitious plans for five giant \u201chydrogen hubs\u201d. Last year it said it would turn an area of desert more than twice the size of Luxembourg in Western Australia into a green hydrogen production facility, with 10 million solar panels and 1,500 wind turbines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The project is currently on hold after blueprints were rejected by ministers in June because of threats to biodiversity, but may ultimately go ahead. Meanwhile, there are plans for another green-hydrogen hub in Hunter Valley, a region of coal fields in New South Wales, as well as a grey hydrogen <a href=\"https:\/\/ecocarbonltd.com\/2021\/03\/australia-and-japan-launch-joint-brown-coal-to-hydrogen-project\/\">scheme<\/a>, using lignite in the Latrobe Valley in Victoria. All aim at exporting to Japan and elsewhere in Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-who-will-create-the-tesla-of-the-skies\">Who will create the Tesla of the skies? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aviation may be the biggest prize. Airbus, the world\u2019s second largest plane maker, last year unveiled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/newsroom\/press-releases\/en\/2020\/09\/airbus-reveals-new-zeroemission-concept-aircraft.html\">plans<\/a> for three different zero-emission \u201cconcept\u201d hydrogen planes that it says could be in service by 2035. Meanwhile, California start-up ZeroAvia has a six-seater research plane already running on hydrogen. It took off for the first time from the UK\u2019s Cranfield airport last autumn. The plane <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bedfordindependent.co.uk\/hydrogen-powered-plane-crashes-during-test-flight-at-cranfield\/\">crashed<\/a> in a field in April, but nobody was hurt, and it could yet become the Tesla of the skies.&nbsp;\u201cA substantial reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is almost impossible without hydrogen,\u201d says Christian Bauer of the Paul Scherrer Institute, a Swiss engineering research centre. \u201cI\u2019d say that within the next ten years, we will see substantial developments here.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other deals between potential suppliers and major markets are proliferating. Danish wind-power company Orsted has signed a deal with Maersk, the world\u2019s biggest shipping carrier, and Scandinavian Airlines to use offshore wind generated in the North Sea to produce green hydrogen for buses and trucks in the Copenhagen area from 2023, with ships and aircraft to follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-story-image block--story-image\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--story-image__column\"><div class=\"block--story-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ZEROe-Airbus-concept-aircraft_2DFGR6Y-scaled.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ZEROe-Airbus-concept-aircraft_2DFGR6Y-768x488.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ZEROe-Airbus-concept-aircraft_2DFGR6Y-1024x651.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ZEROe-Airbus-concept-aircraft_2DFGR6Y-1400x890.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ZEROe-Airbus-concept-aircraft_2DFGR6Y-1800x1144.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ZEROe-Airbus-concept-aircraft_2DFGR6Y-scaled.jpg\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 999px) 1024px, (max-width: 1400px) 1400px, (max-width: 2000px) 2000px, 2560px\" alt=\"ZEROe Airbus concept aircraft\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--story-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--story-image__caption\">Airbus has unveiled plans for the world\u2019s first commercial zero-emission aircraft, to be powered by two hybrid hydrogen turbofan engines (Image: Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ZEROe-Airbus-concept-aircraft_2DFGR6Y-scaled.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"361 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1627\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Will all this happen? Sceptics say creating global supply chains to manufacture, ship and deliver hydrogen is too cumbersome and inefficient, especially when the infrastructure would have to be built from scratch. By some counts, around two-thirds of the energy would be lost along the way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEfficiency losses happen both on the supply side, in the production process of the hydrogen-based fuels, and on the demand side \u2013 a combustion engine wastes a lot more energy than an electrical one,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pik-potsdam.de\/en\/news\/latest-news\/hydrogen-instead-of-electrification-potentials-and-risks-for-climate-targets\">said Romain Sacchi<\/a>, a colleague of Christian Bauer at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Even so, hydrogen could work for freight transport over long distances, Bauer told China Dialogue: \u201cA large truck today would need to be equipped with a battery weighing a few tonnes to travel more than a hundred kilometres.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrogen\u2019s availability is \u201ctoo uncertain to broadly replace fossil fuels, for instance in cars or heating houses,\u201d according to Falko Ueckerdt of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. The world should instead prioritise applications for which hydrogen is indispensable as a source of low-carbon energy, he says. Hydrogen could be used to remove the hardest 10% or so of carbon emissions, as the world targets zero emissions.<br><br>\u201cPrimary steel and ammonia production are sensible entry points for green hydrogen,\u201d he says. In both cases, the hydrogen can replace fossil fuels as an essential part of the process, as well as providing energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But he warns that rising demand for hydrogen in areas such as heating buildings could give an advantage to cheap blue hydrogen and create a \u201cfossil-fuel lock-in that endangers climate targets.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fuels based on hydrogen as a universal climate solution might be a bit of false promise. \u201cWhile they\u2019re wonderfully versatile, it should not be expected that they broadly replace fossil fuels,\u201d argued Ueckerdt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe hydrogen economy can establish itself only if it makes sense energetically. Otherwise, better solutions will conquer the market. Infrastructures exist for almost any synthetic liquid hydrocarbon, while hydrogen requires a totally new distribution network,\u201d argued Ulf Bossel, a fuel cell consultant and Baldur Eliasson, researcher for ABB Switzerland, in a <a href=\"https:\/\/afdc.energy.gov\/files\/pdfs\/hyd_economy_bossel_eliasson.pdf\">white paper<\/a> on the hydrogen economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrogen-based fuels will likely be scarce and not competitive for at least another decade.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hydrogen may have lost the race to fuel electric cars but it looks a likely contender to replace fossil fuels in trucks, ships, planes and heavy industry <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1072,"featured_media":72523,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[757],"tags":[18132,50029971,585],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040734,50040727,50040745,50040701,50040702],"class_list":["post-72509","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy","tag-hydrogen","tag-oil","tag-renewables","country-australia","country-japan","country-oman","country-saudi-arabia","country-south-korea"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Is hydrogen the new oil? 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