{"id":72526,"date":"2021-07-14T08:43:02","date_gmt":"2021-07-14T08:43:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=72526"},"modified":"2021-07-28T07:57:32","modified_gmt":"2021-07-28T07:57:32","slug":"copenhagen-to-paris-china-climate-governance-journey","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/copenhagen-to-paris-china-climate-governance-journey\/","title":{"rendered":"From Copenhagen to Paris: China\u2019s climate governance journey"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

There has been a flurry of climate diplomacy since April, with China holding high-level talks with Germany, France, the US, and the three other members of the BASIC bloc (Brazil, South Africa and India). At the US-organised Leaders\u2019 Summit on Climate, President Xi Jinping committed to clamping down on coal<\/a>. Once again, China\u2019s climate actions and climate governance system were put under the global spotlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In her recent book, Wang Binbin, associate researcher at Tsinghua University\u2019s Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, reviewed how stakeholders participated in China\u2019s climate governance from the Copenhagen climate talks of 2009, to the Paris Agreement in 2015, and beyond. China\u2019s Transition on Climate Change Communication and Governance: From Zero to Hero<\/a> outlines for an international readership how the country\u2019s climate actions were transformed by multi-stakeholder interactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Wang Binbin at COP24, Katowice, Poland in 2018. This was the 10th year she had followed UN climate talks. (Image: Wang Binbin)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Originally a reporter, Wang Binbin also worked for Oxfam for eight years, where she focused on climate justice and adaptation, low-carbon transitions and green finance. Since 2009 she has been following the UN climate change talks, witnessing how China\u2019s government, media and NGOs have gone from passive observers on the sidelines, to active and central players. In this interview with China Dialogue, Wang points out that a \u201cgovernment-led social governance\u201d model is taking shape in China, and how the country is playing more of a leading role internationally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The interview has been lightly edited for clarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


China Dialogue: Your book uses the \u201ctwo-level game\u201d framework to explain climate governance in China. Could you describe that?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Wang Binbin:<\/strong> It\u2019s a model of international relations in which policymakers have to play chess at both the international and domestic level, trying to balance the needs of both. When trying to understand a country\u2018s role in global climate governance, we need to look at both aspects, and who the players are, to find optimal solutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the two-level game is often regarded as being played between governments, in reality the participants are more diverse. I identify three major stakeholders in international climate talks and domestic climate: governments, the media and NGOs. Then I look at how the roles and influence of these players have changed to drive overall climate governance in China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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NGOs, central government and local government all have different understandings and levels of awareness of climate governance. Also, the timescale we choose to look at should be representative, and combinable with other factors to provide explanations. The six years from Copenhagen [COP15] to Paris [COP21] saw China\u2019s role transform rapidly. By the end of that stretch [2009\u20132015], China had taken a much more prominent role in global climate governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I also carried out research into new stakeholders, including businesses and the public, and their roles post-Paris Agreement, looking at how these new actors related to others. So, I tried to make the two-level game three-dimensional, looking at how different actors participated at different points in time. The same framework could be used for analysing other governance topics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


How would you explain climate governance in China in terms of the two-level game?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The book shows how stakeholders in China\u2019s climate governance have formed and developed. In the past, international society had only an intermittent, fragmentary understanding of China\u2019s climate governance. For example, it was believed that the central government had overwhelming influence. But in fact, the government consists of central government and various levels of local government. The central government has proposed carbon neutrality and is taking climate change seriously. But if local governments don\u2019t make changes, and if they continue to focus and be evaluated on economic growth, implementation of climate policies will suffer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If local governments continue to focus and be evaluated on economic growth, implementation of climate policies will suffer<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Over time, businesses and NGOs became more involved, making governance more diverse. Central government had to consider how to win and mobilise support from these sectors. These are new angles for international readers; they can learn how China thought and acted on climate issues during that period. It will also help readers cooperate with the various stakeholders at all levels of climate governance in China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chinese readers will have heard President Xi\u2019s call for carbon neutrality, but local government and the ordinary people regard that as a very distant undertaking, an international commitment, and they don\u2019t understand how closely that links up with the domestic. So from that declaration in September 2020, to the heating up of carbon neutrality discussions<\/a> over the last half-year, we\u2019ve seen a two-game process of balancing and consensus-forming. China has been taking a more active and prominent role in international affairs, but also stressing that it must consider both international and domestic matters. That is a two-level game process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


What key advances have we seen in China\u2019s climate governance and communications since 2009?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Overall, the Chinese government lacked experience in these fields prior to 2009. Before Copenhagen, there were still disagreements within the government over climate change, no awareness of how to work with NGOs, and there were no specialist climate reporters. During the Copenhagen talks, the Chinese delegation\u2019s communications work was limited to making announcements at press conferences. There was only limited dialogue. Meanwhile, Chinese reporting took its lead from the delegation and was aimed at a Chinese audience, which meant it couldn\u2019t help push the negotiations forward or help tell China\u2019s side of the story to the international community. The Copenhagen talks failed to reach an agreement and there was widespread disappointment. Afterwards, the UK\u2019s climate secretary Ed Miliband accused China and other countries of \u201chijacking<\/a>\u201d the talks. The delegation and media failed to respond promptly, leading to public opinion problems. The overlooking of the importance of international NGOs and the failure to make use of the media left China on the back foot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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From the 2010 Cancun climate change conference onwards, Xie Zhenhua, head of the Chinese delegation at the time, would meet with representatives of international organisations and NGOs both before and during the talks, to explain the Chinese stance. From 2011, the delegation has had a \u201cChina pavilion\u201d at the talks, holding forums, seminars and exhibitions open to all, with stakeholders including NGOs and businesses invited to participate. The Chinese media also started working to increase fairness in the talks, and long-term coverage of climate negotiations got underway, making climate reporting richer and more varied. At the governance level, after Copenhagen the Chinese government gradually elevated climate change policy to the level of a national strategy, committed to low-carbon development, bolstered cooperation with NGOs and the media, and shifted from \u201cvertical governance\u201d to \u201ccoordinated governance\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These changes are giving China more influence in global climate governance and putting a \u201cgovernment-led, multi-stakeholder governance\u201d model into practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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China\u2019s lead climate negotiator Xie Zhenhua at a COP21 press conference in 2015 (Image: Zhou Lei \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n


The research in your book runs up to 2018. What new changes have there been at home and abroad since then, and in particular since China announced its carbon neutrality target? <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

We\u2019ve seen \u201cbottom-up\u201d forces become stronger, with NGOs and businesses becoming more active.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite America\u2019s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement during the Trump administration, US state governments such as California have been actively responding to climate change. During the last couple of years, businesses begun to realise that they have to act to survive and grow. BP is developing low-carbon businesses and is no longer a simple oil firm. China\u2019s firms are doing the same. I met a female entrepreneur from Sichuan whose family was in the mining business. Their mines were closed due to environmental inspections and policy changes, and they\u2019ve shifted to green and low-carbon sectors. This highlights that for businesses, responding to climate change isn\u2019t just about political and social pressure. It\u2019s about survival and the chance to participate in a new industrial revolution. Since September last year, we\u2019ve also seen how China\u2019s businesses and capital markets have reacted to the country\u2019s commitment to carbon neutrality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For businesses, responding to climate change is about survival and the chance to participate in a new industrial revolution<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

With the Biden administration in place, China and the US are communicating on climate change again, one of the few areas of bilateral cooperation, so we\u2019re seeing more \u201ctop-down\u201d efforts as well. You could say that this year we\u2019ve seen top-down and bottom-up forces meet and reinforce each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


You write that Copenhagen resulted in significant changes in how China\u2019s media, NGOs and government interact, but that the public was still missing. What kind of guidance and help to participate do you think the public needs?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

I\u2019ve done nationwide surveys of public awareness, and over 90% of people have heard of climate change. But how much distance is there from \u201cheard of\u201d to \u201cfully understand\u201d to \u201ctaking real action\u201d? A lot of climate communication and discussion today still feels distant to ordinary people. We need to end that idea that \u201cit\u2019s nothing to do with me\u201d. We also need the government to take the lead in driving climate innovation by research bodies, NGOs and businesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As things stand, we don\u2019t have enough low-carbon products which are convenient for the public to use. For example, when shared bike schemes are cheap, reliable and convenient, people will naturally make use of them. But we aren\u2019t creating enough similar climate-friendly products. We need research bodies and businesses to close that gap, providing products and services which will be both popular and good for the climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


You also write that Chinese scientists don\u2019t participate in public discussions enough. How can we make their voices heard and improve communications?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A lot of Chinese people still regard climate change as \u201cWestern pseudoscience\u201d. But many Chinese scientists have contributed to the collective global scientific understanding of climate change. One Chinese climate expert, Zhai Panmao, joint chair of the IPCC Working Group I, has said the number of Chinese scientists working on IPCC reports is increasing, and Chinese scientists are making their voices heard internationally and integrating with the wider scientific community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Current academic practices \u2013 such as a focus on journal publications \u2013 may prevent scientists from communicating directly with the public. We need to change those systems in order to encourage scientists to engage with the public, rather than just researching behind closed doors. Two female Chinese scientists, Chen Ying and Chao Qingchen, led the team which wrote a recent popular science book, 100 Questions on Peak Carbon and Carbon Neutrality<\/a>. At the launch, they described what they had written as \u201cjust a simple explanatory book.\u201d But converting complex research findings into easily understood language is not simple at all. So we should do more to encourage that process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


You also mention that many parts of China are suffering the effects of climate change. What practices and experiences can be applied at the grassroots in response to this? What can other developing nations learn from China?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Climate change wasn\u2019t caused by the poor of the world, but they do suffer from it the most. Climate change could be catastrophic for low-income populations in Africa and Asia. Figures show that Chinese agriculture provides wheat, rice and corn for one-fifth of the world\u2019s population. An extreme drought event in China could spark a regional, or even global, food crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We need to encourage scientists to engage with the public, rather than just researching behind closed doors<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A few years ago I was in western China where locals took me to their cornfields and explained<\/a> that they were seeing more extreme weather including drought. In our rural climate adaptation work, we provided meteorological warning systems, and have cultivated crop breeds to better cope with such extreme weather.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Responding to climate change will need comprehensive solutions covering politics, economics, the environment and development. Rather than wait and see what happens, we should be proactive, coming up with new ideas and embracing a green future. Years ago, the Chinese government started trials of working with NGOs<\/a> to help remote and poor populations adapt to climate change. This included raising incomes, working with researchers to introduce drought-resistant crops and reduce fertiliser use, and promote low-carbon transitions. All of that experience could be shared and applied elsewhere. China is also practising what it preaches in South-South cooperation, by providing funding, technology, products and training for developing nations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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