{"id":73945,"date":"2021-11-10T12:53:49","date_gmt":"2021-11-10T12:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=73945"},"modified":"2021-11-11T09:42:12","modified_gmt":"2021-11-11T09:42:12","slug":"livestock-conversation-missing-from-climate-talks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/livestock-conversation-missing-from-climate-talks\/","title":{"rendered":"Livestock conversation missing from climate talks"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In April 2021, Fox News issued a rare correction to its viewers after repeatedly reporting that President Biden\u2019s climate change plans would force US consumers to cut their intake of red meat by 90%. The initial reporting sparked outrage among conservatives who claimed that Biden was coming for their burgers. But as Fox News later confirmed<\/a>, none of this was in Biden\u2019s plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The episode is indicative of two immense challenges. First, any mention of meat in the context of climate change can trigger strong reactions, making it hard to even discuss the topic. Second, the Biden administration\u2019s plan \u2013 its nationally determined contribution<\/a> (NDC) under the Paris Agreement on climate change \u2013 contains no reference to reducing either meat production or consumption. This absence is common to the NDCs of the European Union, China and all other G20 countries, and it is glaring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Livestock production for meat and dairy causes 14.5%<\/a> of all human-driven greenhouse gas emissions, with cattle responsible for 65% of those. But in policies for addressing climate change, meat has flown under the radar when compared to other sectors with high emissions, such as transport and energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Livestock emissions on the agenda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Policy debates about meat and climate change are messy, deeply political and heavily influenced by powerful vested interests. COP26<\/a>, the ongoing UN Climate Change Conference, won\u2019t solve these challenges, but there are hopes it can at least change the conversation and set a new course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meat and dairy production are significant contributors to climate change because of the vast areas of land needed to raise cattle and grow the foods they eat, as well as from the powerful greenhouse gas methane, which a billion cows<\/a> burp out each day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"14.5%<\/div>
Graphic: Harry Zhang \/ China Dialogue<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

As public awareness rises and alternatives to meat grow in popularity, the livestock sector is facing unprecedented pressure. In response, the meat lobby has been pushing<\/a> for more intensive livestock farming using improved breeds, different feeds and on-farm technologies, among other proposals, to reduce emissions from the sector. The industry\u2019s stance is undermined, however, by accusations of tobacco-style PR campaigns<\/a>, demonstrably false claims<\/a> and foot-dragging when it comes to cutting methane emissions<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tara Garnett, director of Table<\/a>, a food systems study initiative at the University of Oxford\u2019s Environmental Change Institute, points out that more intensification would lower costs and stimulate more demand, potentially increasing overall emissions from the sector, even if emissions per kilo of meat fall. On the other hand, she says, maintaining current levels of consumption by switching to extensive instead of intensive livestock farming would be \u201ccatastrophic\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHowever you look at it, we\u2019re going to have to cut down on animal production,\u201d says Garnett. \u201cSo the question is, if we\u2019re going to cut down, what are the systems we might want to retain because of their value over and above their environmental impacts? And this is where you look at, say, pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa, which doesn\u2019t feed a lot of people but it does feed the people who need it in quite an important way.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Cattle<\/div>
Ethiopia has pledged to replace some of its cattle with animals that have less of an impact on the climate, such as chickens and goats (Image: Ayene \/ UNICEF Ethiopia<\/a>, CC BY NC ND<\/a>)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Some countries are starting to act. Ethiopia has pledged to reduce emissions in part by replacing<\/a> some of its non-dairy cattle with chickens, sheep and goats \u2013 whose production would have a lower impact on the climate \u2013 so long as the nation receives international financial support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, Denmark legislated<\/a> this October that emissions in the agriculture sector must fall by between 50% and 65% below 1990 levels by 2030, including by converting some farmland into areas for wildlife and boosting production of plant protein. How the target will be shared among different subsectors, such as meat and dairy, will depend on political negotiations that will also decide how to distribute US$600 million set aside to compensate farmers during the transition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But, elsewhere, commitments to reduce livestock production are rare. China\u2019s NDC<\/a> under the Paris Agreement refers to reducing emissions from livestock and poultry breeding by improving productivity and refining ways to treat and use manure. The NDCs of the EU and other G20 members are largely silent on how these countries will reduce emissions from the sector, as well as saying nothing about reducing meat consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One potentially promising high-level development has emerged from the first week of COP26. The launch of the Global Methane Pledge<\/a>, led by the US and EU, and signed by a further 103 countries, commits signatories to a collective reduction in global methane emissions of at least 30% by 2030, compared to 2020 levels. The pledge calls for a \u201cparticular focus on high emission sources\u201d and could have implications for meat and dairy production if it prompts the adoption of improved agricultural practices<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Getting the message right<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The lack of national targets on livestock emissions is preventing private investment in low-carbon agriculture, says Jeremy Coller, chief investment officer of Coller Capital who, in a recent article<\/a>, called cows \u201cthe new coal\u201d \u2013 a soon-to-be-stranded asset. But Brent Loken, global food lead scientist at WWF Global Science, urges a more nuanced framing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019re not saying \u2018get rid of all livestock,\u2019\u201d Loken says. \u201cWe don\u2019t want to paint livestock as being bad. In some grazing systems, the role of livestock is very important. In some parts of the world, livestock is an extremely important asset for families, and in no way do we want to tell them that this is some kind of stranded asset for them. But what I would say is that any further investment in growth of livestock will probably be a stranded asset.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Four<\/div>
Graphic: Harry Zhang \/ China Dialogue<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Loken says changing consumption habits must go hand-in-hand with reducing emissions from the livestock sector. But he points out that two key mechanisms under the Paris Agreement \u2013 the NDCs and the Koronivia Joint Work Programme on Agriculture<\/a> \u2013 do not consider consumption-based emissions. These are the emissions caused by what a country consumes, as opposed to by what it produces. They amount to a country\u2019s carbon footprint, and there is no requirement for countries to report them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOne of the things that we\u2019re talking about a lot at COP26 is the critical importance to include consumption-based emissions in these processes,\u201d Loken says. \u201cWe really need to start socialising this idea and bringing negotiators and policymakers along, really helping them to understand why it is critically important to take a food systems approach when they\u2019re looking at the NDCs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loken says it is too late to expect any specific breakthroughs on meat at COP26, as most countries have already submitted their NDCs. Under the Paris Agreement, the next deadline for revising these national pledges is not until 2025, though a COP26 decision could urge parties to update their NDCs sooner than that. In the meantime, countries have other pathways to follow. Under the UN Food Systems Summit process<\/a>, most countries are developing strategies for sustainable food systems, and will convene in 2023 to assess progress and set ambitions. These are opportunities to address both production and consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Barbecuing<\/div>
Barbecuing plant-based burgers (Image: Panther Media GmbH \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The EU\u2019s Farm to Fork Strategy<\/a>, for example, outlines planned support for the most sustainable, carbon-efficient methods of livestock production, while promoting sustainable consumption and facilitating dietary shifts. Its measures include product labelling to inform consumer choice, supporting research into plant and non-plant alternatives to meat, and developing policies for sustainable food procurement in schools and public institutions. In October, the EU Parliament adopted a resolution welcoming the strategy, and a regulatory framework is due in 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shifting consumption<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

With time running out on 1.5C, there is growing frustration at the way the meat and dairy sector has been left out of climate change deliberations. One group pushing for change is the 50×40 network<\/a>, a broad coalition whose 52 members include the World Resources Institute, Greenpeace and Rainforest Alliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The network aims to reduce production and consumption of meat and other animal products by 50% by 2040, and ensure that all remaining production is environmentally and socially sustainable. It is urging<\/a> countries taking part in COP26 to recognise the need to cut production and consumption of industrialised livestock, and ensure a just transition for those involved in the sector. They can expect resistance from the livestock industry to any major change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhile the greenhouse gas impact of producing beef is high compared to other foods, raising cattle has many environmental benefits and plays a key part of the circular economy within agriculture,\u201d says Fawn Jackson, director of policy and international relations at the Canadian Cattlemen\u2019s Association<\/a>, which represents 55,000 farms with more than 12.2 million cattle. \u201cA reduction in beef consumption with the purpose of reducing greenhouse gases could have significant unintended negative environmental impacts, including further loss of native grasslands and stored soil carbon due to farming.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian beef are, Jackson says, less than half the global average. But elsewhere, the expansion of cattle production has resulted in widespread deforestation, including to grow the animals\u2019 food. Beyond the climate impacts, intensive animal farming is responsible for significant air and water pollution, and degradation of land and soils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amid industry opposition to reducing meat consumption, there are growing calls for meat taxes. Few politicians are prepared to interfere with consumer choice or tell voters that the price of meat must rise. Yet according to recent surveys<\/a> in France, Germany and the Netherlands, most consumers would support a meat tax if the revenues were used to reduce the cost of vegetables and fruit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think one of the only ways to influence consumer choice is not through education campaigns \u2013 it is really through something like a tax,\u201d says Loken. \u201cHow we get there, I don\u2019t know. But at least it\u2019s being talked about and that\u2019s a positive sign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy fear is that it is not being talked about quickly enough in order to be able to reduce emissions. If we had another 50 years to play with and bring public support along with us, I\u2019d be a bit more optimistic. But we don\u2019t. The next decade is the most important decade for us to be able to tackle these problems.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pledges on livestock emissions and consumption are lacking in countries\u2019 plans for tackling climate change, or in domestic policy, amid industry lobbying<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1072,"featured_media":73979,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761],"tags":[561,18142,569],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040711,50040750],"class_list":["post-73945","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","tag-livestock","tag-methane","tag-negotiations","country-denmark","country-ethiopia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCOP26: Livestock conversation missing from Glasgow climate talks<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pledges on livestock emissions and consumption are lacking in countries\u2019 plans for tackling climate change, or in domestic policy, amid industry lobbying\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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