{"id":74850,"date":"2022-02-03T14:37:17","date_gmt":"2022-02-03T14:37:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=74850"},"modified":"2022-02-15T10:40:27","modified_gmt":"2022-02-15T10:40:27","slug":"eu-carbon-tax-puts-a-price-on-shipping-emissions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/eu-carbon-tax-puts-a-price-on-shipping-emissions\/","title":{"rendered":"EU carbon tax puts a price on shipping emissions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ships emit around one billion tonnes of greenhouse gases every year, or 3%<\/a> of global emissions. If it were a country, shipping would be the sixth-largest polluter in the world, according to the World Economic Forum. To reach the goals of the Paris Agreement, global emissions need to reach net zero by mid-century. But without further action, by 2050 shipping emissions are expected to at best fall by 10%<\/a> and at worst rise by 30% from their 2008 levels. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN body responsible for shipping, has long been criticised for failing to address the urgency of the climate crisis and dragging its feet on introducing regulations to curb emissions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

China and the EU after the pandemic<\/p>

Read more from this series<\/a>, in which we compare the post-Covid policies of China and the European Union, and how their relationship is evolving<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

One of the most contentious issues that keeps coming up at IMO meetings is whether the industry should set a carbon tax. Pacific Island nations, which are particularly vulnerable to rising seas, have called for a carbon price of US$100 per tonne on bunker fuels. But emerging economies, including China and South Africa, oppose the measure. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The EU is taking matters into its own hands. To achieve its 2030 goal of reducing emissions by at least 55%, the bloc is revising its climate, energy and transport legislation under the \u201cFit for 55\u201d package<\/a>. The proposed reforms include several shipping measures, ranging from a sustainable fuel mandate<\/a> within the EU to the inclusion of maritime emissions in the bloc\u2019s emissions trading scheme (ETS). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The EU plan will include shipping emissions in the bloc\u2019s ETS from 2023. When the measure comes into force, shipowners, regardless of the flag they fly, will have to buy carbon allowances to cover all emissions during voyages in the EU and half of those generated by international voyages that start or finish at an EU port. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2023, companies chartering large vessels will be required to purchase allowances for 20%<\/a> of their emissions from ships that call at EU ports, ratcheting up to 100% by 2026. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shifting to clean fuel <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Shipping experts say the measure alone won\u2019t lead to a drastic reduction in global maritime emissions. Still, it sends an important signal that could trigger decarbonisation efforts worldwide. The inclusion of maritime emissions in the ETS will also raise a large pool of funds that the EU can use to accelerate innovation and develop low-carbon fuels and renewables infrastructure. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The EU ETS will cover 10-15% of international shipping emissions, according to Faig Abbasov, shipping programme director at Transport & Environment, a Brussels-based thinktank. \u201cThis is not a measure designed to decarbonise global shipping,\u201d said Abbasov. \u201cThe EU is starting with its own backyard and leading the way [in the expectation] that other countries will follow and that the IMO will do what it is supposed to.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measure only applies to ships over 5,000 gross tons and there are various exemptions, such as for vessels servicing offshore oil and gas. According to analysis<\/a> by Transport & Environment, over 25 million tonnes of CO2 \u2013 equivalent to the total annual emissions of Denmark \u2013 will be exempt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Recommended<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Reducing maritime emissions requires new technology, ships and fuels. There are fuel alternatives, such as hydrogen, which do not produce carbon dioxide when burned, but they are not currently cost competitive. The ETS measure aims to narrow the price gap between fossil fuels and zero-emissions alternatives, but it won\u2019t bridge it completely. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

EU ETS carbon prices, even at their recent high levels of around 85 euros ($95) per tonne of CO2, would not make a significant impact in closing the price gap between fossil fuels and zero-carbon fuels for shipping, according to a recent report<\/a> by the University Maritime Advisory Services (UMAS), which is partnered with University College London\u2019s (UCL) Energy Institute.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

An average carbon price of just under $200 per tonne of CO2 is needed to fully decarbonise the shipping industry by 2050, according to the analysis<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cInitially, the ETS is not going to create a hugely impactful [carbon] price, but it will generate a significant amount of revenue,\u201d said Dr Alison Shaw, research fellow at UMAS and co-author of the report. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Funds for innovation <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The EU will direct revenue raised by the ETS into its innovation fund<\/a>, designed to \u201csupport breakthrough innovations towards climate neutrality.\u201d Based on the scenarios outlined in the UMAS report, the ETS would raise $5 billion in 2030 at a price of around 50 euros ($56) per tonne of carbon. If this price increased to 103 euros per tonne of carbon ($116) by 2030, the total revenue generated from shipping would be $9 billion, according to Shaw. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is significantly higher than funds raised by a carbon tax proposal by the International Chamber of Shipping, which represents shipowners. The ICS has put forward<\/a> a tax proposal of $2 per tonne of bunker fuel, which works out at just $0.7 per tonne of CO2 emitted, to fund research and development projects worth $5 billion over the next decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, according to Shaw, it is unclear whether all the revenue generated by including shipping under the EU ETS would be channelled directly into shipping innovation. \u201cThere is currently no guarantee that a fixed proportion would be dedicated to the maritime sector.\u201d The head of the European Commission\u2019s unit responsible for maritime affairs did not respond to China Dialogue\u2019s request for comment on this subject. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is important that developing countries have access to the fund as that is where the renewable and fuel potential lies, said Shaw. Many developing countries, including Mexico<\/a> and South Africa<\/a>, are rich in renewable resources and could help the industry navigate to zero-emissions sailing if provided with opportunities to access finance, she said. \u201cShipping is a global industry which needs a global perspective.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe funds generated by the ETS [provide a] mechanism to reward first movers, by subsidising new fuel and establishing fuel infrastructure,\u201d said Freda Fung, a consultant for the Asia green shipping programme at the Natural Resources Defense Council. \u201cIt is a really huge step that helps facilitate the [sustainable] transition.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

When California mandated fuel efficiency standards, it didn\u2019t have a major impact on global emissions, but it drove the vehicle industry to innovate and produce electric vehicles, said Abbasov. \u201cIt\u2019s exactly the same logic [with this shipping measure],\u201d he said. \u201cThe immediate priority is to give rise to new technologies and incentivise regional action.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The impact on Chinese shippers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS will drive up transport costs for ship companies worldwide. Much of the additional cost borne by cargo operators will be passed onto consumers. \u201cThe price increase for a pair of sneakers will be minuscule,\u201d said Martin Cresswell, technical director of the Hong Kong Shipowners Association. \u201cIt won\u2019t be noticeable to most Europeans.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Asian Shipowners\u2019 Association (ASA) strongly opposes<\/a> the EU measure. \u201cThe extension of the EU ETS to shipping will only serve to impede the process of decarbonisation of international shipping, putting the EU in conflict with the achievement of both IMO and UNFCCC climate change objectives,\u201d the ASA said in a statement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAt the IMO, countries work by consensus and [regulation] is much slower than what the EU can produce. There is generally quite a lot of annoyance about the EU moving ahead unilaterally,\u201d said Cresswell. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chinese operators may look for shipping hubs outside the EU to lower their costs, said Cresswell. They could, for example, dock their big cargo ships in Morocco and transfer the goods on to smaller vessels, with a lower carbon output, he said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe UK could benefit significantly from this [situation] and become a major bunkering country if they put their minds to it,\u201d he added, referring to the UK\u2019s withdrawal from the EU in 2020. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

China has its own emissions trading scheme, which currently only covers the power sector. The government has indicated that it plans to include other sectors<\/a> over the next five years. \u201cShipping could be included in this scheme. It might be accelerated by the EU plans,\u201d said Cresswell. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere hasn\u2019t been an announcement about the inclusion of shipping, [but] there have been a lot of internal discussions,\u201d said Fung. \u201cThe Chinese government has said they are in favour of putting a price on carbon to stimulate innovation and accelerate the deployment of low-carbon technology.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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