{"id":76179,"date":"2022-03-30T09:43:10","date_gmt":"2022-03-30T09:43:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=76179"},"modified":"2022-03-31T10:09:13","modified_gmt":"2022-03-31T10:09:13","slug":"coal-powered-industrial-parks-test-indonesias-climate-pledges-and-chinas-too","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/coal-powered-industrial-parks-test-indonesias-climate-pledges-and-chinas-too\/","title":{"rendered":"Coal-powered industrial parks test Indonesia\u2019s climate pledges \u2013 and China\u2019s too"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In February, a Chinese company began building a \u201cpower island\u201d<\/a> project on Indonesia\u2019s Obi Island, five months after President Xi Jinping had announced China would stop building new coal power plants overseas<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 4 x 380 megawatt (MW) project, which some sources suggest<\/a> will be home to a coal-fired power plant, is designed to provide power solely to a heavy industry park. Such parks are increasingly the Indonesian government\u2019s chosen format for capital-intensive economic development. Over the past few years, a series of regulatory changes has sought to boost domestic industries to capture more value from natural resources like nickel and aluminium before they are exported. Industrial parks house the energy-intensive refineries and smelters needed for these processes, equipment owned predominantly by Chinese companies and which so far relies on coal-fired power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Since the government banned the export of unprocessed nickel, first in 2014 and then again in 2020, and with another ban expected on bauxite, Chinese companies have answered the call to build up Indonesia\u2019s ore-processing capacity. Additional regulation changes, collectively called the Omnibus Law, also make it easier for companies to obtain land and harder for communities to find resources to defend claims to land rights<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi Jinping\u2019s announcement to stop support for new coal power plants overseas would be felt most acutely in these industrial parks, whose advocates have nonetheless sought to present them as climate-saving initiatives<\/a> that support clean energy. Battery manufacturers can use the nickel processed at park facilities to produce millions of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage; meanwhile, to meet climate goals, solar power installations across the world will require<\/a> millions of tonnes of aluminium, derived from bauxite. Indonesia\u2019s own climate plans, however, have been deemed \u201chighly insufficient\u201d by Climate Action Tracker<\/a>, as it continues to build coal-fired power while targeting net-zero emissions only by 2060.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speaking of the Obi Island development, Aiqun Yu, China researcher at Global Energy Monitor, says: \u201cIt\u2019s worrisome because this project might be out of the [Chinese] government\u2019s radar, or fall into a grey zone, or be tolerated.\u201d In 2021 alone, state-run Chinese firms announced<\/a> 1.3 gigawatts (GW) of planned coal power in Indonesia. The fate of these projects is now in question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Renewable target under threat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Indonesia announced a goal to derive 23%<\/a> of its energy from renewable sources by 2025. However, its most recent 10-year energy plan<\/a> (2021\u20132030) indicates that it is still reliant on coal for 60% of its power, while renewables currently make up just under 12%<\/a> of the energy mix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAny new coal power will hinder the achievement of that target,\u201d says Deon Arinaldo, a programme manager with the Institute for Essential Services Reform<\/a>, a think tank based in Jakarta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.8%<\/p>

of Indonesia\u2019s energy investment went towards renewable sources in 2020<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The government risks missing its own target. Just 7.8%<\/a> of energy investment went towards renewable sources in 2020, but the state electricity company plans for half of added capacity in the next 10 years to come from renewables, prompting the 2021\u20132030 roadmap to be called<\/a> the first \u201cgreen\u201d plan of its kind. Indonesia\u2019s energy minister, Arifin Tasrif, said<\/a> 9 GW of coal power would be retired early by 2030, almost double the previous plan. But at the same time, as the 2021\u20132030 plan details, the state intends to build 13.8 GW of coal power before a moratorium on construction begins in 2023. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government\u2019s plans seem to contrast with companies\u2019 own disclosures. More than 26 GW of coal power is at various stages of development in Indonesia \u2013 only China, Turkey and India have more planned \u2013 with over 15 GW of this amount currently under construction, according to data<\/a> from Global Energy Monitor, which uses publicly available data on company plans. The national government\u2019s energy plan shows that Java Island will host 60% of this new growth over the next 10 years, but GEM data suggests that projects in planning outside Java are more than double the growth reported for the island.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Husband<\/div>
Masitah and Edi Suriana live next to the Suralaya power plant in Java. They and fellow residents have protested the plant\u2019s expansion. (Image:\u00a0Adi Renaldi<\/a>\u00a0\/ China Dialogue)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe financing process of these captive coal power plants [those run by industrial producers for their own consumption] has very little transparency, making it almost impossible to trace the financial responsibilities,\u201d says Global Energy Monitor\u2019s Yu. Before GEM accessed Chinese industry sources, it was unaware of roughly 5,000 MW of planned capacity, exclusively at captive plants for industrial parks that focus on turning ore into metal products. Public awareness about these projects suffers in the absence of information, often because their electricity generation remains off-grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While captive power for industrial parks currently accounts for 15% of the country\u2019s coal power output, this figure will grow to 24% if all the recorded projects are completed, according to GEM data. Coal-power generation is set to increase by 9,510 MW to feed a minerals industry increasingly dominated by nickel and aluminium centres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate-saving minerals, powered by coal?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Industrial parks at three of Indonesia\u2019s nickel hotspots \u2013 Obi Island, Morowali and Weda Bay \u2013 aim to have 14 coal power plants with 71 turbines, totalling 12,579 MW, according to GEM data. That\u2019s more than double the 6,109 MW of captive power the nation\u2019s nickel industry already has in operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Morowali Industrial Park, or IMIP, grew over the last 15 years in response to high demand for Sulawesi Island\u2019s nickel ore for the production of stainless steel and, more recently, battery-grade nickel. The entire industrial area, which stretches across the border between the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi and into neighbouring Konawe, plans on adding 3,470 MW of coal-fired power. Nearby, residents often speak of the \u201cdust season\u201d, when the wind shifts and coal dust settles in homes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tsingshan, which runs the park, pledged<\/a> a year ago to develop 2 GW of wind and solar power for its smelting operations, and said it would follow Xi Jinping\u2019s policy not to build coal power abroad. But it has several projects in the pipeline that were sealed before the announcement. Just Finance International, a research body in the Netherlands, noted<\/a> that one month before the pledge, Tsingshan secured a contract for the construction of 1,140 MW at Morowali\u2019s Labota coal plant. Tsingshan has also begun developing a similar park, Indonesia Weda Bay Industrial Park (IWIP<\/a>), where there are plans to install 3,400 MW of coal power. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bantaeng district in South Sulawesi is another area that was set to become a nickel-processing hotspot. Huadi Nickel-Alloy Indonesia, a Chinese\u2013Indonesian company, announced<\/a> plans in 2015 to develop a smelter, and the state electricity company, PLN, supported<\/a> the construction of a coal plant. But after hundreds of people from local communities protested against potential air and water pollution, the project stalled<\/a> in 2018. PLN returned last year to tell the company that it would provide an additional 90 megavolt ampere (MVA) to the project to increase smelting capacity, without specifying the type of energy source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"worker<\/div>
Nickel production at a plant owned by PT Vale in South Sulawesi, Indonesia (Image: Hariandi Hafid \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPLN is ready to service investors\u2019 electricity needs, especially for smelter industries,\u201d a regional director of PLN told<\/a> media at the announcement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At total planned capacity, captive power for aluminium \u2013 an essential material for constructing many things from EVs to wind turbines \u2013 would number 31 units across two locations with 3,180 MW of installed capacity. The majority is dominated by Shandong Nanshan Aluminium, which is investing<\/a> in 2,860 MW, roughly as much coal capacity as is operating in France<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This park is found on Bintan Island, a resort island just an hour\u2019s ferry ride from Singapore. In January, President Joko Widodo visited<\/a> Nanshan\u2019s fast-developing industrial park. \u201cI would like to extend my appreciation to companies that have the courage to build with investment, with the amount of risks involved. Hopefully, we can process all of our raw materials in the country,\u201d Jokowi said<\/a>. Like the nickel projects in Morowali and Konawe, he added, industrial parks like this can provide tens of thousands of jobs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The European Commission has an ongoing complaint<\/a> with Indonesia at the World Trade Organization because of the Southeast Asian nation\u2019s ban on nickel ore exports. But the Indonesian president remains defiant, and has suggested they may not stop at nickel. \u201cThen if we ban bauxite exports and someone has to sue, it\u2019s okay. We can face it,\u201d Jokowi said<\/a> in January.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Greener electricity <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Coal power is often believed to be the most reliable form of energy for industrial projects, says Arinaldo. Smelter and refineries need to run 24 hours a day, while energy from the sun and wind is intermittent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, research<\/a> from think tank the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR) suggests there is a great opportunity for both energy generation and energy storage in areas with industrial parks. For example, in Southeast Sulawesi, there is high potential for solar generation, as much as 200 GW, while in West Kalimantan, there\u2019s almost five times that. Meanwhile, Central Sulawesi holds the most potential capacity for pumped hydro energy storage, whereby water is pushed uphill using excess energy and released when needed. However, it should be noted that each of IESR\u2019s scenarios explores technical potential, and these massive capacities would require significant land use trade-offs to realise. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although these high-end scenarios may be unlikely, the report highlights the widespread possibilities for renewables in the country. \u201cThere\u2019s enough potential in the area [Sulawesi] such that renewable energy could be used to supply a renewable-based industrial development,\u201d Arinaldo says. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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President Joko Widodo has also pushed what he has called \u201cthe world\u2019s largest green industrial region\u201d, planned for a river system in North Kalimantan. The project plans to build five hydropower dams on the Kayan River, which could generate 9 GW for several industrial centres, including nickel and aluminium-processing factories. A similar hydropower project in Sulawesi, which has been slated<\/a> to feed energy to Morowali, has experienced strong opposition for displacing and harming communities and wildlife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indonesia has also announced<\/a> a partnership with the Asian Development Bank\u2019s Energy Transition Mechanism, a tool that uses financial and policy instruments to accelerate the retirement of operating coal power. Such tools, however, struggle to address captive power plants, because data is less accessible in privately owned industrial parks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMost [captive power plants] are quite old, and it will be beneficial to re-invest in something more green, especially the ones for these industrial parks,\u201d Arinaldo says.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Growth in parks with their own coal power plants is proving hard to stop, in spite of national pledges to reduce coal use<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1072,"featured_media":76303,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758,757],"tags":[520,20000325],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040717],"class_list":["post-76179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-energy","tag-coal","tag-industry","country-indonesia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCoal-powered industrial parks test Indonesia\u2019s climate pledges \u2013 and China\u2019s too | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Growth in parks with their own coal power plants is proving hard to stop, in spite of national pledges to reduce coal use\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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