{"id":79534,"date":"2022-05-03T11:55:45","date_gmt":"2022-05-03T11:55:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=79534"},"modified":"2022-05-16T11:57:46","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T11:57:46","slug":"belt-and-road-must-align-paris-agreement-government","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/belt-and-road-must-align-paris-agreement-government\/","title":{"rendered":"Belt and Road must align with Paris Agreement \u2013 government guidance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">On 28 March, China published a policy document on further greening the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It is the third policy document on this theme issued by the government in less than a year, so one can be excused for finding it difficult to keep up.<br><br>The new document \u2013 \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/en.brigc.net\/Media_Center\/Updates\/Green_Belt_and_Road\/202204\/t20220408_130595.html\">Opinions on Jointly Promoting Green Development of the Belt and Road<\/a>\u201d \u2013 was jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, and the ministries of foreign affairs, ecology and environment, and commerce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To us, three things stand out and go beyond the two previous documents, issued in <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/what-chinas-new-guidelines-on-green-development-mean-for-the-belt-and-road\/\">July 2021<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/understanding-chinas-latest-guidelines-for-greening-the-belt-and-road\/\">January 2022<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The BRI must be Paris aligned, and China will \u201cfacilitate the full implementation of the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement among all parties\u201d, particularly by supporting the energy transition and green transport.<\/li><li>The environmental performance of Chinese companies should be \u201cregulated\u201d, with reference made to codes of conduct issued by industry associations, which may be combined with regulations issued by government.<\/li><li>A timeline says a green BRI should be \u201cbasically formed\u201d by 2030, while by 2025 environmental risk prevention of BRI projects will significantly improve.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The language on Paris alignment and green energy systems is particularly important. In our understanding, it means projects in the BRI should be selected and designed such that they are consistent with keeping warming of our planet well under 2C by the end of this century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It therefore goes beyond the position on coal \u2013 made clear by President Xi\u2019s pledge in September 2021 to <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/china-to-stop-building-new-coal-power-projects-overseas\/\">end Chinese support for new coal power projects overseas<\/a> \u2013&nbsp;to mean careful assessment of all high-emissions projects. The relevance to humanity couldn\u2019t be greater: the UN has just released a scientific report which shows the world must step up climate action \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/now-or-never-to-keep-within-1-5c-reports-ipcc\/\">now or never<\/a>\u201d, otherwise temperatures could soar by more than 3C, with catastrophic consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"36509\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"76881\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Given the turbulent geopolitical environment of today, it is reassuring to see that China isn\u2019t backsliding on its efforts to green the BRI. And the document is much broader than climate, covering the development of \u201cgreen\u201d infrastructure projects in power and transportation, industry and manufacturing, as well as green finance and cooperation on standards within the BRI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such \u201cOpinions\u201d have no legal weight and cannot be enforced in court, but they do set a clear direction for the government departments, state-owned and private companies, and financial institutions involved in the BRI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The document is of a different type to the previous two which were titled \u201cGuidances\u201d (\u6307\u5f15 <em>zh\u01d0y\u01d0n<\/em>, \u6307\u5357 <em>zh\u01d0n\u00e1n<\/em>) for the green development of BRI projects. Instead, \u201cOpinions\u201d (\u610f\u89c1 <em>y\u00ecjian<\/em>) are official documents that \u201cprovide insights and solutions to important issues\u201d. They are forward-looking, and are likely to be followed by documents regulating or guiding their implementation. Knowing that, and given the repeated signals from President Xi and other leaders, we expect the document will be carefully read, and implemented, by all key stakeholders, including project developers and financial institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These particular Opinions draw on the technical studies conducted by the BRI International Green Development Coalition (BRIGC), an organisation which has worked to advance environmental protection and low-carbon development in the BRI since its establishment by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and international partners in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote block--pull-quote--no-citation\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">These documents set a clear direction for the government departments, companies and financial institutions involved in the BRI<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\"><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The authors of the present article have worked with partners to support the BRIGC to develop a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/advisors-propose-new-system-to-regulate-chinas-overseas-investments\/\">traffic light system<\/a>\u201d for greening the BRI, to help avoid and mitigate environmental impacts throughout a project\u2019s life. Projects with a significant environmental or climate impact that isn\u2019t mitigated are classified as \u201cred\u201d, whereas projects that are neutral or make a positive contribution are classified as \u201cyellow\u201d and \u201cgreen\u201d. Much of the credit for the three recent official green BRI policy documents should go to the teams at BRIGC and the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below we share some further observations on the content of the Opinions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-coal-fired-power-plants\">Coal-fired power plants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The document\u2019s Article 14 is sure to be the most keenly read, as it is the first official interpretation of Xi Jinping\u2019s pledge to no longer build new coal-fired power plants overseas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apart from prohibiting new plants, the article mentions guidance to \u201c\u2026prudently proceed with existing ones that are under construction\u201d. Behind the scenes, a debate is likely ongoing about exactly how to deal with existing projects, and exactly where to draw the line on \u201cnew projects\u201d. The text suggests that projects which haven\u2019t started construction should not proceed \u2013 even if they are already in advanced stages of design and financial preparation, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/ieefa.org\/ieefa-china-and-pakistans-no-more-coal-power-pledges-dont-hold-up-to-scrutiny\/\">Gwadar project in Pakistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/HYA53K_Gwadar_port_area_in_Pakistan.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/HYA53K_Gwadar_port_area_in_Pakistan-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/HYA53K_Gwadar_port_area_in_Pakistan-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/HYA53K_Gwadar_port_area_in_Pakistan.jpg 2400w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2400px\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Gwadar port in Pakistan \u2013 a flagship BRI project. The future of a 300MW coal-fired power station, to be built on site, is in question following the Chinese government\u2019s latest advice. (Image: Liu Tian \/ Alamy)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/HYA53K_Gwadar_port_area_in_Pakistan.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"428 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1600\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2400\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The Opinions also mention to \u201cpromote the green and low-carbon development of overseas coal-fired plants which have already been built\u201d. This refers to the retrofitting of existing coal plants, for example to make them less polluting, more efficient, or to install carbon capture, utilisation and storage technology. While that could be an improvement in some cases, there would be a risk of an increase in the lifetime emissions of such projects. From a climate perspective, capacity expansions are very similar to new coal plants, so they should certainly not be allowed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Targets for 2025 and 2030<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Opinions include time-bound targets for 2025 and 2030. Although they are a bit hard to measure, they nevertheless espouse some urgency to act. The Opinions stress that, by 2025, China wants to see clear progress towards a green BRI that is recognised by all parties and touches practical cooperation in green infrastructure, including energy and transportation, as well as finance. Also, environmental-risk prevention of overseas projects needs to improve significantly, requiring more capacity development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2030, the Opinions stipulate that \u201cthe green development of the BRI will be basically formed\u201d with further improved risk prevention and control systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The recent <a href=\"http:\/\/en.brigc.net\/Reports\/Report_Download\/2021\/202110\/P020211025599678005345.pdf\">Application Guide for the Green Development Guidance<\/a>, published by BRIGC in October 2021, stated that \u201cfinancial institutions and enterprises are encouraged to add no new \u2018red\u2019 projects and phase out existing exposure to \u2018red\u2019 projects by focusing investments on less risky projects in their portfolio <em>with an ambitious timeline<\/em>\u201d. An accompanying figure suggested that, by 2030, red (ie potentially environmentally harmful) projects, should be phased out of existing portfolios and no longer receive new or extended financing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The scope of the Opinions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Opinions highlight a wide range of sectors suitable for green development, including infrastructure, energy, transportation, industry and trade. Cooperation on green finance, technology and standards are emphasised. And climate mitigation and adaptation are mentioned as key areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Green <strong>infrastructure<\/strong>: enterprises should carefully select sites and routes to minimise impact on nature reserves and environmentally sensitive and vulnerable areas. They should improve environmental protection and decarbonisation throughout the project lifecycle, from construction to maintenance.<\/li><li>Green <strong>energy<\/strong>: the focus will be on high-efficiency and low-cost renewables, advanced nuclear, smart grids, hydrogen, energy storage, and carbon capture, utilisation and storage.<\/li><li>Green <strong>transport<\/strong>: promote low-carbon shipping and aviation, new and clean energy vehicles, and encourage enterprises to participate in railway electrification upgrades, and develop multimodal transport and green logistics.<\/li><li>Green <strong>industry:<\/strong> encourage enterprises to invest, for example, in the renewable energy industry and new energy vehicles, and to set up overseas equity investment funds to support industrial development in BRI countries.<\/li><li>Green <strong>trade<\/strong>: expand the import and export of energy-saving and environmentally friendly products and services.<\/li><li>Green<strong> finance<\/strong>: under multilateral frameworks such as the UN and G20, promote voluntary guidelines and best practices. Projects should leverage international financial institutions \u2013 which often have their own environmental standards \u2013 and encourage financial institutions to adopt the <a href=\"https:\/\/gipbr.net\/\">Green Investment Principles for the Belt and Road<\/a>. Financial institutions and enterprises are encouraged to carry out green financing in the international market, and vice versa \u2013 international financial institutions and companies are encouraged to issue green bonds and make green investments in China.<\/li><li>Green<strong> science and technology<\/strong>: the Opinions highlight scientific and technological research including support for further joint research.<\/li><li>Green <strong>standards:<\/strong> the Opinions highlight the need to participate more actively in the development of international green standards, to strengthen BRI standards and to publish more industry standards, codes and guidelines in line with international ones.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Environmental laws and standards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Building on previous policy documents on greening the BRI, the Opinions re-emphasise the need to strictly follow host country laws on environmental protection. However, contrary to the 2017 Opinions and in line with the 2021 and 2022 Guidelines, it also encourages enterprises to follow international or higher Chinese environmental standards, such as for project environmental-risk management. Relevant industry associations are expected to create codes of conduct for protecting the environment in enterprises\u2019 overseas investments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"77955\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are another highlight, required at the project level. Article 18 asks to identify environmental risks and perform EIAs before initiating construction. This is clearly in line with the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.brigc.net\/Reports\/research_subject\/202011\/P020201129781791584286.pdf\">Green Development Guidance<\/a> for BRI Projects, initiated by the BRIGC in 2020, which includes the traffic-light system mentioned above.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article 18 asks for the development of guidelines for key industries. This would follow on from the work of the BRIGC, which has recently published a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.brigc.net\/Reports\/Report_Download\/2021\/202110\/P020211025599530110826.pdf\">Guide for Highways and Railways<\/a>, and a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.brigc.net\/Reports\/Report_Download\/2021\/202110\/P020211025599678005345.pdf\">Guide for Enterprises and Financial Institutions<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Article 13, the Opinions even suggest to \u201cregulate\u201d the environmental behaviour of enterprises abroad, which would be a significant change on the previous \u201cencouragements\u201d to apply international standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implementation responsibility<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The document is co-issued by four ministries and specifies the key role of the Belt and Road Construction Leadership Group, a coordinating body established by the State Council. The involvement of these issuing bodies confirms a solid endorsement by the central government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As to the intended audience, a list of recipients at the beginning of the Opinions points to a much wider range than previous documents, including authorities in the finance sector and transport sector. Responsibility also lies with private parties, such as financial institutions, industry associations and enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is very encouraging to see this continued government effort to green the BRI. As next steps, we would hope to see an increased emphasis on multi-stakeholder governance mechanisms, such as environmental disclosure and public participation. Further clarification on pathways to accelerate reduction of environmental risks from existing projects would also be helpful, such as the phasing out \u201cred\u201d projects, as specified in the BRIGC Green Development Guidance. The formulation of green development guidelines for key overseas project investment sectors is also essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"75951\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>A possible new area to explore in the BRI could be debt-for-climate or <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/trade-investment\/47862-explainer-what-is-debt-for-nature-swap\/\">debt-for-nature swaps<\/a>, which might be a way to respond to debt crises in some BRI countries, through financing nature-based solutions or stepping up renewable energy deployment, for example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall, the Opinions are ambitious and comprehensive. They provide a clear policy signal for further greening China\u2019s overseas investments in the next years. This is extremely timely, as the world is facing increasing pressure from climate change and biodiversity loss. China, as the main finance and trade partner in many developing countries, can play a key role in their green and low-carbon transition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A Chinese translation of this article will be available soon.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new government vision document sets Paris-aligned and time-bound plan for China\u2019s overseas investment, going beyond all the \u2018guidances\u2019 released so far<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3513,"featured_media":79539,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758,757],"tags":[510,569,20000237],"hashtags":[],"country":[20000110,20000112],"class_list":["post-79534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-energy","tag-china-in-the-world","tag-negotiations","tag-sustainable-development","country-china","country-pakistan"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Belt and Road must align with Paris Agreement \u2013 government guidance | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A new government vision document sets Paris-aligned and time-bound plan for China\u2019s overseas investment, going beyond all the 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