{"id":80292,"date":"2022-05-11T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-11T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=80292"},"modified":"2022-11-18T22:13:05","modified_gmt":"2022-11-18T22:13:05","slug":"infrastructure-first-approach-causes-conflict-in-indonesia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/infrastructure-first-approach-causes-conflict-in-indonesia\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Infrastructure-first\u2019 approach causes conflict in Indonesia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Launched by President Joko \u201cJokowi\u201d Widodo in 2016, the National Strategic Project scheme prioritises large-scale investments in order to boost economic growth. Investments above IDR 100 billion (US$7 million) benefit from accelerated land provision and guarantees that investors and their projects will not face political barriers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However&nbsp;economists have raised&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/macroeconomicdashboard.feb.ugm.ac.id\/pro-kontra-pembangunan-infrastruktur\/\">concerns<\/a>&nbsp;that the scheme will increase the foreign debts of state-owned enterprises&nbsp;tasked with leading implementation. Meanwhile,&nbsp;watchdogs&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nasional.kontan.co.id\/news\/percepatan-proyek-menuai-pro-kontra\">worry<\/a>&nbsp;such projects will lead to a wave of corruption at every level of government. Also of concern, but receiving less attention, are land conflicts. There were 293 such conflicts connected to National Strategic Projects reported between 2016 and 2019, according to non-profit the&nbsp;Indonesian Agrarian Consortium (KPA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The US$5.5 billion&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/transport\/bungled-jakarta-bandung-high-speed-rail-line-causes-chaos\/\">Jakarta\u2013Bandung high-speed rail line<\/a>,&nbsp;led by PT Kereta Api Indonesia China (KCIC), is probably the best-known example of a National Strategic Project that has caused conflict. Originally slated to be operational in 2019, that date has since been&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.railjournal.com\/passenger\/high-speed\/track-laying-starts-on-jakarta-bandung-high-speed-line\/\">pushed back<\/a>&nbsp;to 2023 amid delays caused by a slew of issues including damage to homes and waste dumping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cInfrastructure-led projects will keep creating land-related conflicts under this national projects scheme,\u201d Benny Wijaya, a researcher at KPA, said.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/kpa.or.id\/publikasi\/baca\/laporan\/96\/Catahu_2021_Edisi_Peluncuran:_Penggusuran_Skala_Nasional__PSN_\/\">KPA\u2019s 2021 annual report<\/a>&nbsp;shows that infrastructure development is now second to plantations in terms of land-related conflicts with indigenous peoples and local communities in Indonesia. This could worsen following the passage of the Omnibus Law, a set of regulations designed to increase investment by reducing regulatory requirements for business permits and land acquisition.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2CX12CF.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2CX12CF-768x492.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2CX12CF-1024x656.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2CX12CF.jpg 2501w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2501px\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">The Jakarta\u2013Bandung high-speed rail line under construction. It has triggered a number of land-related conflicts. (Image: Alamy)\u00a0\u00a0<br\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2CX12CF.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"712 KB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1602\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2501\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe fear of growing land-related conflicts is unavoidable after the passage of the Omnibus Law,\u201d Wijaya added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indonesia\u2019s parliament passed the law in October 2020, but it was challenged in court by environmental groups, labour unions and indigenous peoples\u2019 organisations. According to Indonesian NGO&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/madaniberkelanjutan.id\/2020\/10\/07\/uu-cipta-kerja-mencederai-komitmen-iklim-mempercepat-kehilangan-hutan-melanggengkan-bencana\">Madani Berkelanjutan<\/a>, some articles in the law will weaken environmental protection and could increase the risk of forest loss. In November 2021, Indonesia\u2019s Constitutional Court issued a decision, calling the Omnibus Law \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/igj.or.id\/the-job-creation-law-is-conditionally-unconstitutional-the-struggle-must-continue\/?lang=en\">conditionally unconstitutional<\/a>\u201d and ordering the parliament to \u201cmake necessary adjustments\u201d within two years, or it will be declared void.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe Omnibus Law bypassed the requirement for people\u2019s consent as well as ignoring the ecological, social and cultural aspects, which directly violates indigenous peoples\u2019 rights,\u201d said Rukka Sombolinggi, general secretary of the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (AMAN).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AMAN, which represents an estimated 24 million indigenous people in Indonesia, cited the National Strategic Projects\u2019 disregard for free, prior and informed consent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cPushing the projects onto the indigenous lands, without consent, is clearly ignoring the basic rights of the people,\u201d Sombolinggi said. \u201cSending police forces against the communities who refused to hand over their land is coercive and abusive,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sombolinggi pointed to the Lambo Dam on Flores Island, in Indonesia\u2019s east, as an example. The project, intended for irrigation, is currently funded through the national budget, led by state-owned enterprise PT Indra Karya, with private investment expected in the final stage of development. For years, the indigenous communities in Lowo Se, Malapoma and Rendu Butowe, whose land will be used for the dam, have voiced opposition, but their protests have fallen on deaf ears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/wartasasando.pikiran-rakyat.com\/news\/pr-2173282166\/tindakan-represif-dan-kekerasan-aparat-di-rendu-nagekeo-ppman-lapor-propam-mabes-polri\">latest incident<\/a>&nbsp;was in December 2021, when the Rendu community blocked the road to prevent the arrival of a team conducting field observations at the construction site. The villagers accused the team of coming onto their customary area without permission. In response, the local government sent in armed police, which led to brawls with indigenous women who were on the front line of the protests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Willybrodus Be\u2019i Ou, secretary of the Forum for the Rejection of Lambo Dam Development (FRLDD), said the survey team had made a big mistake by carrying out their un-permitted activities. FRLDD is an initiative consisting of three indigenous communities \u2013 Rendu, Ndora and Lambo \u2013 all of whom oppose the dam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThey come here to conduct surveys in our customary area and that\u2019s just like a thief. Then, they\u2019ll report back to the central [government] saying everything was fine, even though a lot of the data was fabricated,\u201d Ou said. Two months later, on 8 February 2022, another land survey for andesite rock mining by the National Land Agency in Wadas Village, Purworejo, Central Java, ended in chaos. Villagers, who had never agreed to the survey, attempted to stop it by blocking the road. The police responded with violence, beating and arresting villagers. The village was patrolled for days before the National Commission of Human Rights called off the police operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-article-image aligncenter block--article-image block--article-image--article\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"><div class=\"block--article-image__column\"><div class=\"block--article-image__image\"><img class=\"lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Protestersinchains.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Protestersinchains-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Protestersinchains-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Protestersinchains.jpg 2560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 2560px\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><div class=\"block--article-image__content\"><div itemprop=\"caption\" class=\"block--article-image__caption\">Mining protestors in front of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources office in Jakarta, 2019. Civil society groups have long campaigned over the environmental damages caused by the mining sector. (Image: Greenpeace)<\/div><\/div><\/div><meta itemprop=\"contentUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Protestersinchains.jpg\"\/><meta itemprop=\"contentSize\" content=\"1 MB\"\/><meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"1707\"\/><meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"2560\"\/><meta itemprop=\"author\"\/><meta itemprop=\"representativeOfPage\" content=\"true\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhat\u2019s happening in Wadas is another shocking example of how the Omnibus Law is being used to back up the National Strategic Projects. It is a clear violation of human rights,\u201d said Kharisma Wardhatul Khusniah of Yogyakarta Legal Aid Institute, an NGO providing legal aid for the poor and disadvantaged.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>She believes the government will keep pushing the project, since they desperately need andesite from Wadas to build the Bener Dam, located along the Bogowonto River in Purworejo, Central Java. The hydroelectric project is planned to be around 160 meters high, making it Indonesia\u2019s tallest dam. According to the Ministry of State Enterprises, Bener Dam will cost IDR 2.06 trillion (US$143 million). The project, which is still struggling with land acquisition, is led by state-owned enterprise PT Waskita Karya, which was also part of the Jakarta\u2013Bandung rail project. Further funding, for up to 40% of its cost, is expected from the private sector in later stages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe dam will inundate 313 hectares of land and seven villages in Purworejo and Wonosobo districts,\u201d explained Kharisma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bener and Lambo dams are both National Strategic Projects and, like others, they have repeatedly triggered land-related conflicts, often including violence. Several of these projects are attracting foreign investment, including from China, such as&nbsp;an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnnindonesia.com\/ekonomi\/20201127144815-92-575358\/pabrik-alumina-china-mulai-beroperasi-di-bintan-awal-2021\">aluminium smelter<\/a>&nbsp;in Bintan\u2019s Special Economic Zone in Riau Islands province, and&nbsp;the <a href=\"https:\/\/voi.id\/ekonomi\/144310\/kolaborasi-dengan-perusahaan-china-hutama-karya-garap-tol-semarang-demak-1a-sepanjang-4-kilometer\">Semarang-Demak toll road<\/a>&nbsp;in Central Java.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Merah Johansyah of the Mining Advocacy Network (JATAM) gave the example of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/earthjournalism.net\/stories\/global-race-for-electric-car-components-is-threatening-indigenous-peoples-in-indonesia\">nickel mining in Halmahera Island<\/a>&nbsp;of North Maluku and said: \u201cForeign investment ignores how a government-funded project benefits the affected community. The private sector will focus on benefiting themselves only,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The large-scale land acquisition raises challenging questions.&nbsp;Thirty-six global investors have written&nbsp;an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greencentury.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Indonesian-Omnibus-Investor-Letter.pdf\">open letter<\/a>&nbsp;expressing concern&nbsp;about the Omnibus Law. They fear that the \u201cproposed changes to the permitting framework, environmental compliance monitoring, public consultation and sanctioning systems will have severe environmental, human rights and labour-related repercussions.\u201d These, they say, \u201cintroduce significant uncertainty and could impact the attractiveness of Indonesian markets.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the end, many of the affected communities feel that the National Strategic Projects, backed by the Omnibus Law, do not belong to them, as for centuries they\u2019ve benefited from managing the land on their own.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019ve been protecting these lands because it\u2019s not only benefiting us economically but also spiritually,\u201d said Rokhana from Wadas. She believes the government is yet to see the value for the community of owning the land . \u201cThis is our home and the place where we dream to be laid one day later when we pass away. So, we will defend it no matter what,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Attempts by indigenous peoples to stop dams and railways being built on their customary lands have been met with violence<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3934,"featured_media":80279,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[758],"tags":[556,580],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040717],"class_list":["post-80292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","tag-infrastructure","tag-policy","country-indonesia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u2018Infrastructure-first\u2019 approach causes conflict in Indonesia | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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