{"id":84869,"date":"2022-08-02T12:02:54","date_gmt":"2022-08-02T12:02:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=84869"},"modified":"2022-08-15T13:43:27","modified_gmt":"2022-08-15T13:43:27","slug":"in-zimbabwe-an-aborted-quarry-shows-need-for-community-consultation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/justice\/in-zimbabwe-an-aborted-quarry-shows-need-for-community-consultation\/","title":{"rendered":"In Zimbabwe, an aborted quarry shows need for community consultation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

At the centre of Mutare in eastern Zimbabwe rises Dangamvura Mountain. Dividing the city centre from its southern suburbs, and home to a cemetery for state heroes, it is a revered landmark traditionally considered sacred by local communities. The mountain is \u201cthe city\u2019s identity\u201d, says O\u2019bren Nhachi<\/a>, an environmentalist and native of Matare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From November 2021 to February this year, however, the mountain was also the site of a heated standoff between local communities and a small-scale Chinese quarry prospector, Freestone Mines. In the course of those four months, Freestone went from prospective miner of the mountain to the focus of criticism and a potential legal case, before finally abandoning the project. A statement from the company said<\/a> it had pulled out in the face of \u201cresistance from different people and stakeholders who are totally against the project.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The story reveals much about the consequences of companies and governments failing to engage with local communities, and provides lessons for other Chinese companies doing business in Zimbabwe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An eventful four months<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On 19 November 2021, local news site NewZimbabwe reported<\/a> that Freestone Mines had acquired mining rights at a site on the Dangamvura Mountain for a lease of just US$629 per month. The lease agreement seen by the news outlet agreed to a 10-year lease of 6.5 hectares of land for quarrying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe lessee shall pay to the lessor an annual rental of US$7,557 for the use of the site. As an exemption inceptive, the lessee will be exempted from paying rentals during the first eight months of the duration of the lease agreement,\u201d NewZimbabwe quoted the lease as saying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Locals in Mutare were outraged, describing the lease as \u201ca joke\u201d to China Dialogue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freestone Mines are also alleged to have commenced work without obtaining a permit from Zimbabwe\u2019s Environmental Management Agency (EMA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere was no [EMA] assessment authorising the project to go ahead. We wrote to the Ministry of Mines and Mutare City Council who both confirmed an environmental impact assessment had not been conducted,\u201d Farai Maguwu, director of the Centre for Natural Resources Governance Zimbabwe (CNRG), a civil society group, told China Dialogue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Amkela Sidange, the EMA spokesperson, disputed this. \u201cFreestone Mines applied for an EIA [environmental impact assessment] licence from EMA before any activity was commenced on Dangamvura Mountain and an EIA licence was granted,\u201d she told China Dialogue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Under Zimbabwe\u2019s 2002 Environmental Management Act, no mining activity can go ahead without the EMA issuing a licence first. The Act states that failure to secure an EIA licence can result in<\/a> fines up to 10 million Zimbabwean dollars (equivalent to around US$180,000 in 2002, but only US$27,600 today due to bouts of hyperinflation) and imprisonment for up to five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maguwu also contends that the quarrying operation at Dangamvura violated Zimbabwe\u2019s Mines and Minerals Act<\/a>. The act prohibits mining within the surveyed limits of any city, town, township or village, and in a 50-metre wide belt outside such limits. Dangamvura Mountain, he argues, sits well within the surveyed limits of Mutare City.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Qi Ruoxin, director of Freestone Mines, rejects the charges. \u201cWe legally had all the permits and documents,\u201d he tells China Dialogue. \u201cWe are a law-abiding company.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maguwu counters, however, that what permits Freestone Mines did possess were suspiciously backdated. He tells China Dialogue that on 18 November 2021, in response to CNRG\u2019s request for information, Freestone Mines stated that they were waiting for an environmental impact licence. However, a week later, on 25 November, Freestone Mines released an environment certificate supposedly issued on 27 September.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In February 2022, the CNRG took both Freestone Mines and the EMA to court over the alleged infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the face of public opposition and the threat of litigation, Freestone Mines announced that they were abandoning the project on 25 February 2022. A statement from the acting clerk of Mutare, Blessing Chafesuka, read<\/a>: \u201cFreestone Mines Pvt Ltd took notice of the resistance from different people and stakeholders who are totally against the project. Freestone Mines has, through its lawyers, given a written notice of its Intention to cancel the lease agreement.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consultation lacking<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBlasting echoes would\u2019ve cracked city homes; ancestors\u2019 spirits would\u2019ve decreased rainfall, and tripled lightning strikes,\u201d says Jairos Moyo, a Dangamvura township elder who has led indigenous African rituals on the mountain for the last decade. \u201cIt\u2019s unthinkable that Freestone Mines didn\u2019t even bother to talk to us first.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While gaps remain between Freestone Mines\u2019 and CNRG\u2019s accounts of the Dangamvura quarry case, Moyo\u2019s comment cuts to the core of the controversy \u2013 Freestone Mines\u2019 lack of prior consultation with local communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a recent article<\/a>, Shawn Shieh, founder of Social Innovations Advisory, a civil society consultancy, identifies a tendency of Chinese companies operating overseas to take a top-down approach to project development. This can mean partnering with powerful local actors but overlooking local communities, adopting a \u201cdefensive, and even hostile\u201d position to civil society, and emphasising project benefits such as job creation while \u201c\u200b\u200boften failing to deal with more difficult issues such as relocation and compensation demands, and creating long-term community consultation and grievance mechanisms.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When communities stand with you, you sometimes avoid unnecessary costs<\/blockquote>Manson Gwanyanya, Business & Human Rights Resource Centre<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Chinese companies have a bad track record on cultural sensitivity in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa, says Stephen Chan, former British diplomat in Africa and now professor of African politics at SOAS, University of London.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLearning labour law, learning local vernacular language, and holding meetings on an open basis would be a key first stage that Chinese companies should undertake, as well as establishing local centres that bolster health care and education \u2013 what is usually called \u2018corporate philanthropy\u2019 \u2013 but basically anything that demonstrates good will,\u201d says Chan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He cites the example of neighbouring Zambia where, he says, older generations of settled Chinese migrants have set up their own induction and acculturation courses for newer arrivals. This seems not to exist in Zimbabwe because authorities are so hungry for foreign investment that they do not want to insist on programmes of sensitisation to local needs and norms, he adds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Manson Gwanyanya, a regional researcher for the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre based in Johannesburg, it makes business sense for mining companies to meaningfully consult impacted communities, beyond licences. If disputes arise, communities can actually vouch for mining companies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhen communities stand with you, you sometimes avoid unnecessary costs,\u201d he says. He points to the example of Kenya, where many big investments made in 2018 have stalled because communities are litigating against corporations that have not consulted them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it is \u201cnot only the Chinese\u201d, Gwanyana adds. \u201cEvery mining corporation must understand that it goes beyond getting a licence from the minister of mines. The communities have to be told adequately what\u2019s going on because it\u2019s their roads you\u2019re using, their water you\u2019re drawing. We lawyers call it prior informed consent.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A green and people-centred BRI?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In recent years, China has emphasised at numerous high-level events that Chinese companies\u2019 overseas investments should be \u201chigh quality<\/a>\u201d, green and beneficial to all. The \u201cOpinions on Jointly Promoting Green Development of the Belt and Road\u201d, a document issued<\/a> by four government ministries in April this year, outlined an intention to \u201cpractice the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits\u201d, and \u201caim for high-standard, sustainable and people-centred progress\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similar principles were affirmed at the eighth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in November last year, which concluded with pledges<\/a> to support Africa\u2019s green and sustainable development. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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But in Zimbabwe, many see patchy implementation of those ideals. Maguwu from CNRG suggests that Chinese companies operating in the country can be divided into two categories. First are large-scale companies which tend to be well regulated and law-abiding. For example, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China stepped back<\/a> from a bid to finance the US$3 billion Hwange coal-fired power plant in the face of local opposition, and shortly before China announced the end of support for new overseas coal power projects<\/a>. Secondly, however, are the many small-scale companies, such as Freestone Mines, who, he says, often operate outside the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Professor Stephen Chan, the ex-diplomat, also sees an inability from Beijing to adequately police Chinese companies abroad. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNeither the Chinese government at home, nor the Chinese embassies abroad, have comprehensive guidelines as to behaviour in a new country. [For example] induction into local labour law is extremely important, but also extremely neglected.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Lenin Chisaira, lawyer and director of Advocates4Earth in Zimbabwe\u2019s capital Harare, the conduct of some Chinese mining corporations in Zimbabwe defeats Beijing\u2019s promised ethics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cChina has been making great strides in green policies on the home front, but in foreign investments, there are very problematic developments,\u201d Chisaira tells China Dialogue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With such a diverse range of Chinese actors and investors active overseas, the mismatch between Beijing\u2019s stated intentions for a green and inclusive Belt and Road and the reality on the ground will likely play out for some time.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chinese company Freestone Mines\u2019 failure to engage local people resulted in the project\u2018s cancellation, providing lessons for future investors<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1072,"featured_media":84925,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039900],"tags":[516,566],"hashtags":[],"country":[50040746],"class_list":["post-84869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-justice","tag-civil-society","tag-mining","country-zimbabwe"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIn Zimbabwe, an aborted quarry shows need for community consultation | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chinese company Freestone Mines\u2019 failure to engage local people resulted in the project\u2018s cancellation, providing lessons for future investors\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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