{"id":88080,"date":"2022-09-21T16:55:46","date_gmt":"2022-09-21T16:55:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinadialogue.net\/?p=88080"},"modified":"2022-09-21T16:57:29","modified_gmt":"2022-09-21T16:57:29","slug":"offsets-aflame-the-risk-of-wildfires-to-tree-planting-carbon-credits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/offsets-aflame-the-risk-of-wildfires-to-tree-planting-carbon-credits\/","title":{"rendered":"Offsets aflame: The risk of wildfires to tree-planting carbon credits"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">In July this year, a wildfire broke out in a forest plantation in northeastern Spain, consuming 14,000 hectares of trees in Bubierca, Aragon. There were many such fires across southern Europe this summer, during the continent\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/europe-drought-worst-in-500-years-report\/\">worst drought<\/a> for 500 years. But this was not any forest. The trees that burned were part of a reforestation project by a Dutch-based company, Land Life, which was selling the trees\u2019 carbon capture to industrial polluters so they could offset their emissions and comply with European Union climate laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The company\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/landlifecompany.com\/\">website<\/a> invites companies to \u201cturn their CO2 into forests\u201d. In this case, these forests have now been turned back into CO2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Land Life has not yet revealed how much carbon was returned to the atmosphere during the blaze in Bubierca. But it has <a href=\"https:\/\/api.landlifecompany.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Comunicado-de-Land-Life-%E2%80%93-21-de-Julio-2022.pdf\">admitted<\/a> that the fire was started by a spark from an excavator being used by a local contractor in the plantation nursery. Oops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The mishap is one of a growing number of wildfires in carbon-offset forests that are calling into question claims that the booming business in so-called \u201cnature-based solutions\u201d can help fight climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plantations-feeling-the-heat\">Plantations feeling the heat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Offsets of various kinds are a growing element of efforts to curb the build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere. Most major companies that have committed to achieving net-zero emissions have plans to employ them; so do most national governments as part of achieving their nationally determined contributions under the Paris climate agreement.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The majority of offset programmes rely on capture carbon by trees \u2013 claiming carbon credits for planting them, protecting those under threat, or managing forests to increase their carbon stores.\u00a0Concerns about the permanence of these carbon stores are growing as climate change causes droughts and heatwaves that are <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/nature\/climate-change-causing-nature-mismatches-says-un-frontiers-report\/\">increasing<\/a> the annual loss of forests in wildfires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a class=\"wp-block-cd-related-news alignright block--related-news loading\" data-post-id=\"86990\"><div class=\"block--related-news__image\"><\/div><div class=\"block--related-news__content\"><span class=\"block--related-news__heading\">Recommended<\/span><span class=\"block--related-news__title\"><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of the worst reverses have been in the fire-prone American West, where many offset forests are situated. In July last year, some 1,600 hectares of offset forest on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington state went <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/3f89c759-eb9a-4dfb-b768-d4af1ec5aa23\">up in flames<\/a>. It happened days after <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/forests-as-carbon-offsets-climate-change-has-other-plans\">another fire<\/a> in southern Oregon ripped through an offset forest containing thousands of tonnes of CO2 that Microsoft had paid to lock up, as part of its effort to achieve net-zero emissions by 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A fire in 2018 at another offset project on Eddie Ranch in northern California <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2021-09-trees-billions-cash-california-climate.html\">burned<\/a> through 99% of its advertised 280,000 tonnes of credits. Bizarrely, that didn\u2019t stop the sale of most of those credits to the American petroleum refiner PBF Energy from going ahead shortly <em>after<\/em> the fire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These offset projects in the American West had all been certified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), a state agency, for sale to companies in California trying to comply with the state\u2019s CO2 emissions limits. The CARB requires certified projects to hold back some fraction of their carbon credits from sale, putting them into a collective \u201cbuffer pool\u201d, as insurance against wildfires and other mishaps. That buffer picked up the tab when the Eddie Ranch credits burned out, for instance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So far, so good. But <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffgc.2022.930426\/full\">an analysis<\/a> published in August by CarbonPlan, a California-based non-profit database of climate solutions, found that over the past seven years around 6 million tonnes of carbon had been leaked by just six large fires in offset forests certified in the California market, taking up almost the entire wildfire buffer intended to last for a century. Its authors say the buffer is not fit for purpose. And they are not alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-growing-wildfire-risks\">Growing wildfire risks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The push to stave off warming by planting trees has gained force since the World Economic Forum in 2020 launched a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.1t.org\/\">programme<\/a> to plant a trillion of them. The <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/cop26\/\">COP26<\/a> climate conference in Glasgow last November saw a flurry of commitments to fund offset forests, and corporations concerned with greening their public images with net-zero commitments are keen to fund them. But there are growing questions about how effective these offsets will prove.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For one thing, they are temporary. While CO2 from burning fossil fuels persists in the air for thousands of years, trees eventually die and return the CO2 they captured. Few offset projects promise their carbon storage will last more than a hundred years, and many offer much less.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, wildfires increasingly threaten even those modest ambitions, says William Anderegg, a forest ecologist at the University of Utah. First, because the fires are made more likely \u2013 and more intense \u2013 as offset bakers try to increase carbon storage by packing in more trees, turning many forests into tinderboxes. And second, because of the impacts of climate change.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ele.14018\">study<\/a> published last December, Anderegg estimated that the risk of fire in any given year was likely to increase fourfold in the US during the 21st century, \u201ccompromising forest carbon storage\u201d and raising \u201cserious questions about the integrity of [offset] programmes.\u201d In a subsequent global <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abp9723\">assessment<\/a> published this month, he concluded that almost nowhere would be spared by increased wildfires, with large areas of the Amazon and the boreal forest bordering the Arctic from Alaska and Canada to Russia \u201cat particularly high risk in the coming decades.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-buffers-are-inadequate\">Buffers are inadequate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Forest offset companies recognise that not all their forests will thrive. Many certifiers require them to put some of the carbon credits they expect to generate into buffer pools that can be tapped by any certified project that succumbs to fire or other mishaps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The CARB requires every project to set aside between 2% and 4% of potential credits to ensure specifically against wildfires. But forest scientists have warned that the size of these buffers is often chosen with little scientific rationale, and many are likely to prove woefully inadequate as climate change intensifies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cd-pull-quote block--pull-quote\"><div class=\"block--pull-quote__wrapper\"><blockquote class=\"block--pull-quote__quote\">Forests globally are all at risk with climate change<\/blockquote><cite class=\"block--pull-quote__cite\">Anna Trugman, geographer at the University of California Santa Barbara<\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In the first analysis of its kind, a team of authors led by CarbonPlan ecologist Grayson Badgley has found that CARB\u2019s buffer for wildfires may be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/ffgc.2022.930426\/full\">all but exhausted<\/a> already. They estimated that 95% of the buffer set aside for a hundred years of fire risks promised under its certification system, which began in 2015, has been burnt through in the seven years since. The buffer is \u201cseverely undercapitalized\u201d, even under current fire regimes, they conclude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The CARB has <a href=\"https:\/\/ww2.arb.ca.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-10\/nc-forest_offset_faq_20211027.pdf\">responded<\/a> to the report by saying it uses the best available science to estimate the size of the buffer. And it says that as the number of certified offset projects increases, the size of the buffer will also increase, reducing the risk of it being consumed by future fires.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThat doesn\u2019t make sense to us,\u201d says Danny Cullenward, a lawyer at the American University in Washington DC who is a co-author of the CarbonPlan report. He says a larger project portfolio will also increase the forests at risk of burning. The buffer, their report adds, \u201cmakes no effort to account for the all-but-inevitable increase in fire risks as the Earth continues to warm.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is not just a problem for American offsets. \u201cForests globally are all at risk with climate change,\u201d says Anna Trugman, a geographer at the University of California Santa Barbara. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalforestwatch.org\/\">Global Forest Watch<\/a>, an online platform using data gathered by the University of Maryland, reported in August that the worldwide rate of forest burning has almost <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/science-environment-62569394\">doubled<\/a> in the past two decades. And the UN Environment Programme earlier this year predicted a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/report\/spreading-wildfire-rising-threat-extraordinary-landscape-fires\">30%<\/a> global increase in extreme wildfires by 2050, rising to 50% by the end of the century. The failings in California\u2019s certification exposed by CarbonPlan are likely to be replicated globally, says Cullenward. The voluntary offset industry, with its hundreds of markets and certifiers of corporate offsets, \u201chas essentially no regulatory requirements and operates instead on loose private standards,\u201d he says. His colleague Freya Chay, programme manager at CarbonPlan, explains that \u201csome buffer pools require no project-level risk assessment\u201d, adding that projects are instead considered according to default factors, \u201cwithout clear justification for why that is adequate\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-can-fires-be-mitigated\">Can fires be mitigated?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What could be done to prevent the carbon offset business from remaining what Cullenward calls a \u201cgiant Ponzi scheme\u201d, destined to crash? Better climate-risk science and more rigorous regulation of carbon markets would help, he says. Anderegg agrees. \u201cIf forests are tapped to play an important role in climate mitigation, an enormous scientific effort is needed to better shed light on when and where forests will be resilient to climate change in the 21st century,\u201d his new paper concludes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the forests themselves, Trugman says that managers could limit understorey growth \u2013 the plant life below the forest canopy, which can allow low-intensity fires at ground level to climb to the tree tops, where they become more intense and move faster. Deliberately setting low-intensity ground fires at the start of dry seasons to reduce the dry tinder available later in the season when the risk of big fires is greatest would help. So would grazing animals amid the trees. Where livestock are not available, European foresters have started <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/apr\/14\/european-bison-spain-forest-fires-aoe\">introducing bison<\/a> as part of moves to rewild and fireproof their forests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But ultimately, most forest scientists say the best way to reduce the risk of wildfires in offset forests is to slow climate change itself, by accelerating the decarbonisation of industry and society. There may be no alternative.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recent fires at reforestation projects raise the question, can the carbon-capture claims of a booming offset industry hold up?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3907,"featured_media":88083,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[761,50039902],"tags":[50040310,519],"hashtags":[],"country":[],"class_list":["post-88080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate","category-forests","tag-carbon-markets","tag-climate-impacts"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v26.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Offsets aflame: The risk of wildfires to tree-planting carbon credits | Dialogue Earth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Recent fires 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