![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Pix-1-char-dham-board-1.jpg\")
<\/div>\u201cWe had trees of banana, guava, apple and peach. We also grew vegetables. It\u2019s been totally ruined as they (project workers) have thrown and dumped the muck in our fields,\u201d he said. In the nearby village of Tibli, 35-year-old Phooldas says, \u201cWe face a disaster-like situation in our villages. All link roads to our village have caved in.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) is executing the project worth INR 120 billion (USD 1.6 billion). The Prime Minister has said that it would bring employment and prosperity to Uttarakhand, but large tracts of farmlands have already been destroyed by the carelessness of construction workers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Map-\u2013-GFX-\u2013-Char-Dham-Project-1.jpg\")
<\/div>The project hit its hurdles at the first step when Citizens for Green Doon, a Dehradun-based NGO, filed a petition in National Green Tribunal (NGT) in February 2018, alleging violation of several environmental norms by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) and MoRTH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The NGT heard the arguments for almost four months and reserved its decision on May 31 this year. In a development on September 4, the NGT referred the case to a larger bench.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Local communities affected<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Launching the project, Modi had promised<\/a> to reverse an old saying of the mountains: \u201cPahad Ka Pani and Pahad Ki Jawani (the water and youth of hills) don\u2019t stay in the hills.\u201d Local youth will get employment through the building of the highway, he had said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n However, villagers say jobs have not come their way. \u201cDuring the last assembly elections (early 2017) also, every leader told us that the Char Dham project will provide employment,\u201d said Harish, 30, a resident of Srinagar town in Garhwal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Villages along the proposed highway said that the constructing company hires outsiders. \u201cWe have lost all employment as our fields have been totally ruined. Initially, more than 35 people were hired from this area by the contractors for building roads, but the company doesn\u2019t recruit locals any more,\u201d Ramola says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Madan Kaushik, a cabinet minister in the Uttarakhand government, denied the charge. \u201cIt\u2019s a very big project. We are trying to accommodate maximum workforce from Uttarakhand, but if there is no manpower available in a particular place then naturally it will come from outside,\u201d Kaushik told indiaclimatedialogue.net<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Villagers in Chamba say that several people who were hired haven\u2019t been paid their dues by contractors. Parvati Devi, 35, of Chamba, says that even grasslands for grazing have been buried under the debris. \u201cWhere do we graze our cows now?\u201d She asked. \u201cWe have no money and they have snatched whatever we had.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Former Chief Minister and Congress leader Harish Rawat points at faulty planning. \u201cThe DPR (detailed project report) we had prepared during our tenure for the Char Dham Yatra Marg was very clear that there would be minimum cutting of hills with ensuring maximum width of roads. Our plan was to widen the bridges and find alternative routes in the areas of chronic landslides. However, their focus is only on cutting. They are cutting hills even where there is no need. The project has been converted into a contractor\u2019s paradise. They are dumping debris into rivers.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Citing an instance, Rawat said, \u201cBetween Narendra Nagar and Rishikesh, the road they have cut is so wide at some places that it seems to be the parking place of aeroplanes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaushik countered, \u201cIs it possible that someone can cut the hill according to one\u2019s wishes? Whenever a project begins, a lot of clearances are taken. A lot of planning entails in any such project to decide even how many inches (of hill) you will cut, how you will cut it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Despite several government agencies including the Geological Survey of India and Garhwal University identifying the landslide-prone zones, the new construction has ignored the mandatory required safeguards. Consequently, many landslides have already been recorded in places that had not seen a single landslide in the last century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Along the Uttarkashi-Gangotri highway, at least 13 people recently died in an accident caused by a landslide. Villagers in Chamba note that thousands of tons of debris have been dumped carelessly along the roads that have made them slushy and dangerous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cOur pathways and link roads have been washed out. It never happened earlier during monsoons. One of our relatives who was visiting us died on her way back as she was buried under the debris,\u201d said Falguni Devi of Chamba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n During the hearing in NGT, the petitioner presented<\/a> video evidence about the violation of norms and debris dumping in rivers. Geologists and earth scientists warned that these violations might be disastrous, causing \u201cirreversible losses\u201d to the Himalayas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The petitioner argued that NHAI and MoRTH circumvented necessary conditions of obtaining environmental clearances. \u201cSince any road project beyond 100 km needs environmental clearance and an environment impact assessment, they divided<\/a> the 900 km project in more than 53 segments,\u201d said Himanshu Arora of Citizen for Green Doon. \u201cAs a result, thousands of trees are being cut for this project that has triggered the falling of several other trees. That loss is never counted.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Significantly, when NHAI and MoRTH countered by saying that they have built retaining walls along the roads to contain the debris, the NGT did not buy the argument. The tribunal observed that the retaining wall isn\u2019t enough as was visible in the video. \u201cWhen it rains, the entire muck goes down in the river. This (wall) doesn\u2019t work,\u201d commented the NGT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Responding to allegations before the NGT that no environmental clearance was taken, and many rules were flouted, Kaushik said, \u201cThere are two cases in NGT. One is about the number of trees to be cut and the other is about dumping. They (petitioners) said that you take the dump a little away, that matter is in the court and will be shortly settled.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The adverse remarks of the tribunal have brought no change on ground. Almost 50,000 trees are to be felled for the project, including slow-growing high-altitude trees like deodar (Himalayan cedar), birch and oak. The rich forests in Bhagirathi, Alaknanda and Mandakini valleys protect are the catchments of major rivers, including the Ganga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Since the National Democratic Alliance government wants to showcase the highway project as a model before the 2019 parliamentary elections, the work is taking place at a frenetic pace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Earth scientist Pradeep Srivastava, who works with Dehradun-based Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, terms the project \u201cunsustainable\u201d. Such projects, he says, won\u2019t work in these mountains because the roads are built on \u201cfragile rocks\u201d and \u201csubsided landslides\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cAn all-weather road is a misconception. Nowhere is it written that it will withstand landslides and steep slopes. We don\u2019t need such broad highways in the mountains. We need good roads that meet the needs of locals,\u201d said Srivastava, who has written several reports on Himalayan geology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Experts believe that road planners have not considered the sensitivity of fragile slopes. \u201cYou can\u2019t cut the hill vertically at 90 degree as they are doing now. If the base is removed, the mountain will fall, landslides will naturally happen, and we are already watching this happening,\u201d said R.C. Sharma, who heads the department of environment science in H.N. Bahuguna University in Srinagar, Garhwal. \u201cThere are places in the hills where we never saw the landslides, but since this construction started, numerous landslides are happening.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaushik, however, claimed, \u201cLandslides are not happening because of this project. Landslides have actually stopped.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kishore Kumar, chief scientist at Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), said, \u201cThere are guidelines about the width of roads in Indian Road Congress manuals and should have been followed while widening the highway.\u201d Under the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, the erstwhile Planning Commission had prepared detailed guidelines on how to build roads in the mountains. But these are not being followed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kumar advocates the need for a robust slope management system. He warned, \u201cWe do not have a proper slope management system in place while building and maintaining the roads. Only building highways won\u2019t suffice. There should be a highway slope management system in place as well. If you don\u2019t care about slope, the highway will not withstand.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Environmentalist Ravi Chopra of the Dehradun-based Peoples\u2019 Science Institute said that the muck dumping might seriously impact the local vegetation and riverine ecology. \u201cSince muck settles at the base of watercourse, the river may change its course, which can be very destructive as we saw during the 2013 floods. The debris and muck also increase the turbidity of water.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cIncreased turbidity affects the sunlight reaching the bottom of water bodies and reduces oxygen levels. This can endanger aquatic species,\u201d said Chopra, who was a member of the Supreme Court-appointed committee to assess the role of big dams in the 2013 floods that had claimed more than 5,000 lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n One argument in favour of the construction of Char Dham project is its strategic importance. Good roads are required considering the Chinese deployment on its borders along Uttarakhand. While China has constructed extremely good roads on its side of the border, India is yet to match its bigger neighbour in this regard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Border Road Organisation (BRO), a branch of the army, told NGT in July that roads are \u201cextremely important from strategic point of view\u201d and needed to be upgraded. Locals, however, say that it doesn\u2019t mean hasty widening of roads and there should be a focus on sustainability as well. Environmentalists warn that breaking the mountains without heeding geologists may prove disastrous even for defence preparedness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Defence experts, while maintaining the need of good roads in this area for \u201cnational security,\u201d laid the emphasis on ecology. \u201cA holistic approach has to be adopted to ensure that an ecological balance is maintained and the sanctity of biodiversity to the attainable degree of supremacy is kept,\u201d said M.C. Bhandari, a retired army general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Migration is a major issue in Uttarakhand. The government has identified over 1,000 villages as ghost villages, indicating that just a couple of families are left in such habitations. Lack of employment, combined with poor health and education facilities prompted the exodus. The government\u2019s attempts to showcase the road project as a ticket to employment has however found few takers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The objective of the Char Dham highway is to make pilgrimage easier and quicker. However, does it contribute to the local economy? Anthropologist and cultural activist Lokesh Ohri said the government seems to be \u201chighly confused\u201d between tourism and pilgrimage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/PIX-2-fields-destroyed-1.jpg\")
<\/div>![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Pix-4-villagers-no-employment-1.jpg\")
<\/div>Irreversible loss<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/pix-5-tree-cutting-1.jpg\")
<\/div>![](\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Pix-6-verticla-cutting-1.jpg\")
<\/div>Strategic point<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Not mountain-centric\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n