{"id":60095959,"date":"2025-08-26T12:40:14","date_gmt":"2025-08-26T11:40:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/uncategorized\/fracking-earthquakes-and-impunity-the-recipe-for-a-sacrifice-zone-in-argentina-2\/"},"modified":"2025-08-26T18:51:30","modified_gmt":"2025-08-26T17:51:30","slug":"fracking-tremores-descaso-zona-sacrificio-argentina","status":"publish","type":"opinion","link":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/pt-br\/energia\/fracking-tremores-descaso-zona-sacrificio-argentina\/","title":{"rendered":"Fracking, tremores e descaso: a zona de sacrif\u00edcio argentina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

H\u00e1 mais de uma d\u00e9cada, o fracking<\/em> come\u00e7ou a alterar profundamente a forma\u00e7\u00e3o rochosa de Vaca Muerta, na Argentina, transformando-a em um megaprojeto de explora\u00e7\u00e3o de hidrocarbonetos. Desde ent\u00e3o, o solo n\u00e3o parou de tremer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Localizada na prov\u00edncia de Neuqu\u00e9n e se estendendo por Mendoza, R\u00edo Negro e La Pampa, Vaca Muerta abriga o segundo maior dep\u00f3sito de g\u00e1s de xisto e o quarto maior de petr\u00f3leo n\u00e3o convencional do mundo. O fracking<\/em> ou fraturamento hidr\u00e1ulico \u2014 t\u00e9cnica que injeta \u00e1gua pressurizada e areia em rochas subterr\u00e2neas para liberar g\u00e1s e petr\u00f3leo \u2014 colocou a regi\u00e3o no centro da corrida energ\u00e9tica global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os primeiros po\u00e7os<\/a> de Vaca Muerta foram perfurados no in\u00edcio da d\u00e9cada de 2010, dando in\u00edcio \u00e0 explora\u00e7\u00e3o de xisto na Argentina. Naquela \u00e9poca, cada po\u00e7o alcan\u00e7ava cerca de dez \u201cest\u00e1gios\u201d<\/a> de fraturamento, realizados horizontalmente em intervalos da rocha. Desde ent\u00e3o, os avan\u00e7os tecnol\u00f3gicos ampliaram a capacidade de explora\u00e7\u00e3o: hoje, h\u00e1 po\u00e7os que ultrapassam 50 est\u00e1gios<\/a> de fraturamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O aumento nos est\u00e1gios de fraturamento tem sido relacionado<\/a> \u00e0 intensifica\u00e7\u00e3o de terremotos na regi\u00e3o. A inje\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua e areia sob alta press\u00e3o pode reativar falhas geol\u00f3gicas pr\u00e9-existentes, provocando os chamados terremotos \u201cinduzidos\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neuqu\u00e9n encerrou o primeiro semestre de 2025 com o maior n\u00famero j\u00e1 registrado de terremotos induzidos, segundo nosso levantamento do Observat\u00f3rio de Sismicidade Induzida (OSI), na Patag\u00f4nia. Hoje, a prov\u00edncia lidera<\/a> a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de petr\u00f3leo e g\u00e1s na Argentina \u2014 e nunca tremeu tanto. Tudo indica que novos recordes de tremores ser\u00e3o batidos ano ap\u00f3s ano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entre 2018 e junho de 2025, o OSI registrou 548 terremotos<\/a> em Vaca Muerta, todos associados a opera\u00e7\u00f5es de fracking<\/em>. S\u00f3 no primeiro semestre de 2025 foram 36 tremores \u2014 mais que os 33 no mesmo per\u00edodo de 2024, os 27 em 2023, 10 em 2022, 11 em 2021 e 28 em 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Impactos do fracking<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Os terremotos induzidos n\u00e3o diferem dos naturais: liberam energia do subsolo que chega \u00e0 superf\u00edcie. Seus impactos principais s\u00e3o tr\u00eas: o primeiro \u00e9 estrutural, com rachaduras em casas, galp\u00f5es e pr\u00e9dios. O segundo, geol\u00f3gico, com deslizamentos de terra que amea\u00e7am diretamente a popula\u00e7\u00e3o. E o terceiro \u00e9 invis\u00edvel, mas n\u00e3o menos grave: o efeito sobre a sa\u00fade mental, j\u00e1 que moradores s\u00e3o acordados de madrugada e vivem em constante sobressalto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A pr\u00f3pria infraestrutura da ind\u00fastria petrol\u00edfera sofre com os tremores. Oleodutos, po\u00e7os, torres, reservat\u00f3rios, tanques, piscinas, molhes e estradas se deterioram diante da recorr\u00eancia de abalos s\u00edsmicos. O risco n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas estrutural: esses danos podem resultar em derramamentos, vazamentos, inc\u00eandios e at\u00e9 explos\u00f5es na superf\u00edcie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>
Leia mais<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/a>\n\n\n\n

Os abalos tamb\u00e9m amea\u00e7am a infraestrutura subterr\u00e2nea. A ruptura de dutos pode abrir caminhos indesejados para fluidos, conectando aqu\u00edferos a dep\u00f3sitos de hidrocarbonetos ou a res\u00edduos altamente poluentes do fracking<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apesar disso, o impacto da sismicidade induzida n\u00e3o \u00e9 levado em conta<\/a> \u2014 nem exigido legalmente \u2014 nas avalia\u00e7\u00f5es de impacto ambiental das empresas que operam em Vaca Muerta, que incluem a estatal YPF, al\u00e9m de Shell, Pan American Energy, Pluspetrol e Vista Energy. A omiss\u00e3o j\u00e1 trouxe graves consequ\u00eancias socioambientais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e1rias organiza\u00e7\u00f5es articulam medidas legais para definir responsabilidades e exigir a\u00e7\u00f5es de controle. A Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ambiente e Recursos Naturais (Farn), organiza\u00e7\u00e3o argentina, chegou a apresentar uma liminar junto a moradores, mas o pedido foi rejeitado<\/a> pela Suprema Corte em agosto de 2024. Ainda assim, a participa\u00e7\u00e3o da sociedade civil ser\u00e1 decisiva para o avan\u00e7o dessas iniciativas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sem\u00e1foros s\u00edsmicos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Num futuro cada vez mais dominado pelos interesses das grandes corpora\u00e7\u00f5es, torna-se urgente criar ferramentas que permitam \u00e0s comunidades defender seus territ\u00f3rios, reduzir os riscos \u00e0 sa\u00fade e garantir uma melhor qualidade de vida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iniciativas como os \u201csem\u00e1foros s\u00edsmicos<\/a>\u201d j\u00e1 foram implementadas em pa\u00edses como Estados Unidos e Canad\u00e1. O sistema funciona por n\u00edveis: um tremor de magnitude 2 na escala Richter mant\u00e9m o sinal verde, permitindo a continuidade do fracking. Se a magnitude chegar a 2,5, a empresa deve notificar o \u00f3rg\u00e3o regulador e reduzir as opera\u00e7\u00f5es. Acima de 3,5, o processo precisa ser interrompido at\u00e9 que as autoridades realizem uma avalia\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esses sistemas de alerta visual informam a popula\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o n\u00edvel da atividade s\u00edsmica e obrigam o Estado a monitorar o subsolo e gerenciar a gravidade dos tremores. Embora n\u00e3o eliminem os riscos, sua ado\u00e7\u00e3o com respaldo legal representaria um avan\u00e7o importante \u2014 ainda que dif\u00edcil de alcan\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Num futuro cada vez mais dominado pelos interesses das grandes corpora\u00e7\u00f5es, torna-se urgente criar ferramentas que permitam \u00e0s comunidades defender seus territ\u00f3rios, reduzir os riscos \u00e0 sa\u00fade e garantir uma melhor qualidade de vida<\/blockquote><\/cite><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

O OSI elaborou um projeto de lei<\/a> que prev\u00ea a ado\u00e7\u00e3o de sem\u00e1foros s\u00edsmicos e a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de zonas de exclus\u00e3o de 15 quil\u00f4metros em torno de cidades, reservat\u00f3rios e outras \u00e1reas sens\u00edveis. A proposta n\u00e3o pro\u00edbe o fracking<\/em>, mas restringe sua pr\u00e1tica onde j\u00e1 foram identificadas falhas s\u00edsmicas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At\u00e9 agora, o projeto de lei foi apresentado \u00e0 legislatura de Neuqu\u00e9n, ao executivo provincial, a departamentos da Universidade Nacional de Comahue e a institutos acad\u00eamicos como o de Preven\u00e7\u00e3o S\u00edsmica e o Instituto Geof\u00edsico Sismol\u00f3gico Volponi. Tamb\u00e9m chegou a v\u00e1rias petroleiras. A expectativa \u00e9 que seja incorporado por partidos, movimentos sociais ou companhias \u2014 e, por fim, pelo governo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Estado, como autoridade reguladora m\u00e1xima, deve definir zonas de exclus\u00e3o ao fracking<\/em> a fim de proteger as popula\u00e7\u00f5es e a infraestrutura civil.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Empresas de petr\u00f3leo e g\u00e1s de Vaca Muerta deveriam responder por abalos de fracking, diz sism\u00f3logo Javier Grosso<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":60095912,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_has_post_settings":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[50039922,50039934,50039919],"tags":[50040367,50042248,50029973],"country":[50003524],"class_list":["post-60095959","opinion","type-opinion","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energia","category-justica","category-negocios","tag-desastres-pt-br","tag-gas-natural-pt-br","tag-petroleo-pt-br","country-argentina-pt-br"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFracking, tremores e descaso: a zona de sacrif\u00edcio argentina<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Empresas de petr\u00f3leo e g\u00e1s de Vaca Muerta deveriam responder por abalos de fracking, diz sism\u00f3logo Javier Grosso\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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